Call workspace_read_file
Arguments
{"filepath": "/sandbox/chall (9).c"}
Tool result
{"result":"#define GNU_SOURCE\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <signal.h>\n#include <ucontext.h>\n#include <string.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n#include <sys/syscall.h>\n#include <stdarg.h>\n#include <sys/mman.h>\n\n// Trap flag bit in RFLAGS\n#define TF_MASK 0x100\n\nchar shellcode[] = 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void trap_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *ucontext) {\n (void)sig; (void)si;\n ucontext_t *uc = (ucontext_t )ucontext;\n greg_t gregs = uc->uc_mcontext.gregs;\n gregs[REG_RIP] &= ~0xf;\n gregs[REG_RIP] -= 0x10;\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n struct sigaction sa;\n memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));\n sa.sa_sigaction = trap_handler;\n sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO | SA_RESTART;\n sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);\n\n if (sigaction(SIGTRAP, &sa, NULL) == -1) {\n perror("sigaction");\n return 1;\n }\n \n void mem = mmap(NULL, sizeof(shellcode),\n PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC,\n MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS,\n -1, 0);\n if (mem == 0) {\n perror("mmap fail");\n return 1;\n }\n memcpy(mem, shellcode, sizeof(shellcode));\n void jmp_tgt = mem + sizeof(shellcode) - 4;\n\n unsigned long flags;\n asm volatile("pushfq\n"\n "popq %0\n"\n : "=r"(flags) :: "memory");\n flags |= TF_MASK;\n asm volatile("pushq %0\n"\n "popfq\n"\n "jmp %1\n"\n :: "r"(flags), "r"(jmp_tgt) : "memory", "cc");\n return 0;\n}"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "file \"/sandbox/chall (7)\""}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"/sandbox/chall (7): ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, BuildID[sha1]=2c70f7e0482f1f338145c9e4043c1e01d1621a08, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, not stripped\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "chmod +x \"/sandbox/chall (7)\" && \"/sandbox/chall (7)\""}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":":drowssap eht retnE\n!liaf cipE\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{"filepath": "/sandbox/solve.py", "content": "import angr\nimport sys\n\nproj = angr.Project('/sandbox/chall (7)', auto_load_libs=False)\n\n# Entry state\nstate = proj.factory.entry_state()\n\n# Symbolic manager\nsimgr = proj.factory.simulation_manager(state)\n\n# Find \"!elayor yrotciV\" (reversed \"Victory royale!\")\nsimgr.explore(find=lambda s: b\"!elayor yrotciV\" in s.posix.dumps(1))\n\nif simgr.found:\n found_state = simgr.found[0]\n # Get the input that led to success\n solution = found_state.posix.dumps(0)\n print(\"Found input:\", solution)\n # Reverse it to get the flag\n reversed_solution = solution.strip()[::-1]\n print(\"Flag:\", reversed_solution.decode())\nelse:\n print(\"No solution found\")\n"}
Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/solve.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 solve.py 2>&1", "timeout": 300}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"WARNING | 2026-01-24 08:31:42,429 | angr.procedures.posix.sigaction | Calling sigaction for signal <BV32 0x5> - this is emulated as a nop\nWARNING | 2026-01-24 08:31:44,034 | angr.storage.memory_mixins.default_filler_mixin | The program is accessing register with an unspecified value. This could indicate unwanted behavior.\nWARNING | 2026-01-24 08:31:44,034 | angr.storage.memory_mixins.default_filler_mixin | angr will cope with this by generating an unconstrained symbolic variable and continuing. You can resolve this by:\nWARNING | 2026-01-24 08:31:44,034 | angr.storage.memory_mixins.default_filler_mixin | 1) setting a value to the initial state\nWARNING | 2026-01-24 08:31:44,034 | angr.storage.memory_mixins.default_filler_mixin | 2) adding the state option ZERO_FILL_UNCONSTRAINED_{MEMORY,REGISTERS}, to make unknown regions hold null\nWARNING | 2026-01-24 08:31:44,034 | angr.storage.memory_mixins.default_filler_mixin | 3) adding the state option SYMBOL_FILL_UNCONSTRAINED_{MEMORY,REGISTERS}, to suppress these messages.\nWARNING | 2026-01-24 08:31:44,034 | angr.storage.memory_mixins.default_filler_mixin | Filling register id with 8 unconstrained bytes referenced from 0x401383 (main+0x14f in chall (7) (0x401383))\nWARNING | 2026-01-24 08:31:44,035 | angr.storage.memory_mixins.default_filler_mixin | Filling register ac with 8 unconstrained bytes referenced from 0x401383 (main+0x14f in chall (7) (0x401383))\nWARNING | 2026-01-24 08:31:44,335 | angr.storage.memory_mixins.default_filler_mixin | Filling memory at 0x200104 with 1 unconstrained bytes referenced from 0xc0080964 (not part of a loaded object)\nNo solution found\n","stderr":""}Call ghidra_open_server
Arguments
{"filepath": "/sandbox/chall (7)"}
Tool result
{"result":"compilerID: gcc\nimports[2]:\n - functions[8]: __libc_start_main,sigaction,__stack_chk_fail,mmap,memset,sigemptyset,perror,gmon_start\n name: \n - functions[0]:\n name: libc.so.6\nexports[19]{address,name}:\n "00401000",__DT_INIT\n "00401000",_init\n 004010f0,_start\n "00401120",_dl_relocate_static_pie\n 004011a0,__do_global_dtors_aux\n 004011d0,frame_dummy\n "00401234",main\n 004013c4,__DT_FINI\n 004013c4,_fini\n "00402000",_IO_stdin_used\n "00404040",data_start\n "00404040",__data_start\n "00404048",__dso_handle\n "00404060",shellcode\n 004049c4,completed.0\n 004049c4,_edata\n 004049c4,__bss_start\n 004049c8,_end\n 004049c8,TMC_END\nformat: Executable and Linking Format (ELF)\nlanguageID: "x86:LE:64:default"\nprocessor: x86\nendianess: Little Endian\nsegments[33]{name,start,end}:\n segment_2.1,"00400000","00400317"\n .interp,"00400318","00400333"\n .note.gnu.property,"00400338","00400367"\n .note.gnu.build-id,"00400368",0040038b\n .note.ABI-tag,0040038c,004003ab\n .gnu.hash,004003b0,004003cb\n .dynsym,004003d0,004004a7\n .dynstr,004004a8,0040052e\n .gnu.version,"00400530","00400541"\n .gnu.version_r,"00400548","00400587"\n .rela.dyn,"00400588",004005b7\n .rela.plt,004005b8,"00400647"\n .init,"00401000",0040101a\n .plt,"00401020",0040108f\n .plt.sec,"00401090",004010ef\n .text,004010f0,004013c3\n .fini,004013c4,004013d0\n .rodata,"00402000","00402017"\n .eh_frame_hdr,"00402018","00402053"\n .eh_frame,"00402058",0040211b\n .init_array,00403df8,00403dff\n .fini_array,"00403e00","00403e07"\n .dynamic,"00403e08",00403fd7\n .got,00403fd8,00403fe7\n .got.plt,00403fe8,0040402f\n .data,"00404040",004049c3\n .bss,004049c4,004049c7\n EXTERNAL,"00405000",0040503f\n .comment,".comment::00000000",".comment::00000025"\n .shstrtab,".shstrtab::00000000",".shstrtab::0000011e"\n .strtab,".strtab::00000000",".strtab::00000226"\n .symtab,".symtab::00000000",".symtab::000003d7"\n _elfSectionHeaders,"_elfSectionHeaders::00000000","_elfSectionHeaders::000007bf"\naddressSize: 64 bit\nimageBase: "00400000"\nnamedFunctions[9]{address,name}:\n "00401000",_init\n 004010f0,_start\n "00401120",_dl_relocate_static_pie\n "00401130",deregister_tm_clones\n "00401160",register_tm_clones\n 004011a0,__do_global_dtors_aux\n 004011d6,trap_handler\n "00401234",main\n 004013c4,_fini\nstrings[81]{address,value}:\n "00400318",/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2\n 004004a9,perror\n 004004b0,__stack_chk_fail\n 004004c1,sigaction\n 004004cb,__libc_start_main\n 004004dd,memset\n "004004e4",sigemptyset\n 004004f0,mmap\n 004004f5,libc.so.6\n 004004ff,GLIBC_2.4\n "00400509",GLIBC_2.2.5\n "00400515",GLIBC_2.34\n "00400520",gmon_start\n "00402004",sigaction\n 0040200e,mmap fail\n "00402061",zR\n ".comment::00000000","GCC: (Ubuntu 13.2.0-23ubuntu4) 13.2.0"\n ".shstrtab::00000001",.symtab\n ".shstrtab::00000009",.strtab\n ".shstrtab::00000011",.shstrtab\n ".shstrtab::0000001b",.interp\n ".shstrtab::00000023",.note.gnu.property\n ".shstrtab::00000036",.note.gnu.build-id\n ".shstrtab::00000049",.note.ABI-tag\n ".shstrtab::00000057",.gnu.hash\n ".shstrtab::00000061",.dynsym\n ".shstrtab::00000069",.dynstr\n ".shstrtab::00000071",.gnu.version\n ".shstrtab::0000007e",.gnu.version_r\n ".shstrtab::0000008d",.rela.dyn\n ".shstrtab::00000097",.rela.plt\n ".shstrtab::000000a1",.init\n ".shstrtab::000000a7",.plt.sec\n ".shstrtab::000000b0",.text\n ".shstrtab::000000b6",.fini\n ".shstrtab::000000bc",.rodata\n ".shstrtab::000000c4",.eh_frame_hdr\n ".shstrtab::000000d2",.eh_frame\n ".shstrtab::000000dc",.init_array\n ".shstrtab::000000e8",.fini_array\n ".shstrtab::000000f4",.dynamic\n ".shstrtab::000000fd",.got\n ".shstrtab::00000102",.got.plt\n ".shstrtab::0000010b",.data\n ".shstrtab::00000111",.bss\n ".shstrtab::00000116",.comment\n ".strtab::00000001",crt1.o\n ".strtab::00000008",__abi_tag\n ".strtab::00000012",crtstuff.c\n ".strtab::0000001d",deregister_tm_clones\n ".strtab::00000032",__do_global_dtors_aux\n ".strtab::00000048",completed.0\n ".strtab::00000054",__do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry\n ".strtab::0000007b",frame_dummy\n ".strtab::00000087",__frame_dummy_init_array_entry\n ".strtab::000000a6",chall.c\n ".strtab::000000ae",trap_handler\n ".strtab::000000bb",FRAME_END\n ".strtab::000000c9",_DYNAMIC\n ".strtab::000000d2",__GNU_EH_FRAME_HDR\n ".strtab::000000e5",GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE\n ".strtab::000000fb",__libc_start_main@GLIBC_2.34\n ".strtab::00000118",sigaction@GLIBC_2.2.5\n ".strtab::0000012e",_edata\n ".strtab::00000135",_fini\n ".strtab::0000013b",__stack_chk_fail@GLIBC_2.4\n ".strtab::00000156",mmap@GLIBC_2.2.5\n ".strtab::00000167",memset@GLIBC_2.2.5\n ".strtab::0000017a",__data_start\n ".strtab::00000187",sigemptyset@GLIBC_2.2.5\n ".strtab::0000019f",gmon_start\n ".strtab::000001ae",__dso_handle\n ".strtab::000001bb",_IO_stdin_used\n ".strtab::000001ca",_end\n ".strtab::000001cf",_dl_relocate_static_pie\n ".strtab::000001e7",shellcode\n ".strtab::000001f1",__bss_start\n ".strtab::000001fd",main\n ".strtab::00000202",perror@GLIBC_2.2.5\n ".strtab::00000215",TMC_END\n ".strtab::00000221",init\nfileSize: 18640 bytes\nentryPoint: """}Call ghidra_decompile_function
Arguments
{"filepath": "/sandbox/chall (7)", "name_or_address": "main"}
Tool result
{"result":"\nundefined8 main(void)\n\n{\n int iVar1;\n undefined8 *puVar2;\n long lVar3;\n undefined8 uVar4;\n ulong uVar5;\n undefined8 *puVar6;\n undefined8 *puVar7;\n long in_FS_OFFSET;\n byte bVar8;\n sigaction local_a8;\n long local_10;\n \n bVar8 = 0;\n local_10 = *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28);\n memset(&local_a8,0,0x98);\n local_a8.__sigaction_handler.sa_handler = trap_handler;\n local_a8.sa_flags = 0x10000004;\n sigemptyset(&local_a8.sa_mask);\n iVar1 = sigaction(5,&local_a8,(sigaction *)0x0);\n if (iVar1 == -1) {\n FUN_004010e0("sigaction");\n }\n else {\n puVar2 = (undefined8 *)mmap((void *)0x0,0x964,7,0x22,-1,0);\n if (puVar2 != (undefined8 *)0x0) {\n *puVar2 = shellcode;\n *(undefined8 *)((long)puVar2 + 0x95c) = DAT_004049bc;\n lVar3 = (long)puVar2 - (long)((ulong)(puVar2 + 1) & 0xfffffffffffffff8);\n puVar6 = (undefined8 *)((long)&shellcode - lVar3);\n puVar7 = (undefined8 *)((ulong)(puVar2 + 1) & 0xfffffffffffffff8);\n for (uVar5 = (ulong)((int)lVar3 + 0x964U >> 3); uVar5 != 0; uVar5 = uVar5 - 1) {\n *puVar7 = puVar6;\n puVar6 = puVar6 + (ulong)bVar8 * -2 + 1;\n puVar7 = puVar7 + (ulong)bVar8 * -2 + 1;\n }\n / WARNING: Could not recover jumptable at 0x004013a7. Too many branches /\n / WARNING: Treating indirect jump as call /\n uVar4 = ((code *)(puVar2 + 300))(puVar7,puVar6,puVar2 + 300);\n return uVar4;\n }\n FUN_004010e0("mmap fail");\n }\n if (local_10 != *(long )(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28)) {\n / WARNING: Subroutine does not return /\n __stack_chk_fail();\n }\n return 1;\n}\n\n"}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{"filepath": "/sandbox/decode_shellcode.py", "content": "shellcode = 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Save to file for disassembly\nwith open('/sandbox/shellcode.bin', 'wb') as f:\n f.write(shellcode)\n\nprint(\"Shellcode saved to shellcode.bin\")\nprint(f\"Length: {len(shellcode)} bytes\")\n\n# Extract visible strings\nfor i in range(len(shellcode)-8):\n try:\n chunk = shellcode[i:i+8]\n if all(32 <= b < 127 or b == 10 for b in chunk):\n text = chunk.decode('latin-1')\n if len(text.strip()) > 3:\n print(f\"String at offset {i}: {repr(text)}\")\n except:\n pass\n"}
Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/decode_shellcode.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 decode_shellcode.py"}
Tool result
{"exitCode":1,"stdout":"","stderr":" File "/sandbox/decode_shellcode.py", line 1\n shellcode = 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b,0x45,0xf4,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x90,0x90,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xf,0x1f,0x40,0x0,0xe9,0x2b,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xc7,0x45,0xf4,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xc6,0x45,0xfb,0x1,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x90,0xf,0x8e,0xca,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x83,0x7d,0xfc,0x43,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x90,0x90,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xf,0x1f,0x40,0x0,0x83,0x45,0xfc,0x1,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x90,0x88,0x94,0x5,0x50,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x98,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xf,0x1f,0x0,0x8b,0x45,0xfc,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x90,0xf,0xb6,0x54,0x5,0xa0,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x98,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xf,0x1f,0x0,0xf,0xbe,0xc0,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x90,0xf,0xb6,0x84,0x5,0x90,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x98,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xf,0x1f,0x0,0x8b,0x45,0xfc,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x90,0x90,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xf,0x1f,0x40,0x0,0xe9,0x3b,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xc7,0x45,0xfc,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xf,0x5,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xf,0x1f,0x0,0x48,0x89,0xce,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x90,0x48,0x8d,0x4d,0xa0,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x90,0xbf,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x41,0xb9,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x41,0xb8,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x41,0xba,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xba,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xb8,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xf,0x5,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xf,0x1f,0x0,0x48,0x89,0xce,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x90,0x48,0x8d,0x8d,0xe0,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xbf,0x1,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x41,0xb9,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x41,0xb8,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x41,0xba,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xba,0x14,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xb8,0x1,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xc7,0x85,0xd0,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x26,0x2f,0x1,0x3e,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x95,0xc8,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x85,0xc0,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xba,0xb,0x39,0x30,0x18,0x14,0x1d,0x9,0x1c,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xb8,0x19,0x3f,0x41,0x15,0x24,0x11,0x3b,0x2,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x95,0xb8,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x85,0xb0,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xba,0x2c,0x3a,0x2a,0x0,0x17,0x5,0x27,0x29,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xb8,0x25,0xf,0x1b,0xe,0x21,0xc,0x2e,0x40,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x95,0xa8,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x85,0xa0,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xba,0x34,0x2d,0x1f,0x22,0x3c,0x43,0x4,0x2b,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xb8,0x23,0x32,0x20,0x38,0x1e,0x36,0x33,0x3d,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x95,0x98,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x85,0x90,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xba,0x37,0x31,0xd,0xa,0x35,0x6,0x3,0x1a,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xb8,0x42,0x8,0x12,0x7,0x13,0x10,0x16,0x28,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0xc7,0x85,0xf0,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x74,0x6e,0x45,0xa,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x95,0xe8,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x85,0xe0,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xba,0x70,0x20,0x65,0x68,0x74,0x20,0x72,0x65,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xb8,0x3a,0x64,0x72,0x6f,0x77,0x73,0x73,0x61,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0xc7,0x85,0x40,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xce,0xbc,0xb8,0x65,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x95,0x38,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x85,0x30,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xba,0xe3,0xe2,0xd9,0xc4,0xc8,0xe2,0xec,0xd8,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xb8,0xe8,0xd7,0xc6,0xcd,0xd5,0xdb,0xbf,0xc2,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x95,0x28,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x85,0x20,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xba,0xd4,0xbe,0xb2,0xc5,0xd7,0xd3,0xd3,0xdb,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xb8,0xd1,0xd7,0xd7,0xc8,0xc2,0xbe,0xd2,0xe8,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x95,0x18,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x85,0x10,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xba,0xe0,0xdb,0xcf,0xcd,0xe2,0xf4,0xd9,0xce,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xb8,0xc0,0xbe,0xc8,0xd7,0xdd,0xd0,0xd7,0xe2,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x95,0x8,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0x85,0x0,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xba,0xd2,0xe6,0xe2,0xe2,0xdf,0xe7,0xe0,0xc6,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0xb8,0x80,0xd3,0xe0,0xdf,0xd2,0xbe,0xc6,0xc6,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x44,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x81,0xec,0x18,0x1,0x0,0x0,0x66,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x48,0x89,0xe5,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x66,0x90,0x55,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0xf,0x1f,0x84,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0xf,0x1f,0x40,0x0,0xf3,0xf,0x1e,0xfa])\n ^\nSyntaxError: invalid hexadecimal literal\n... (truncated)"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "objdump -D -Mintel -bbinary -mi386:x86-64 \"/sandbox/chall (9).c\" | head -100"}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"\n/sandbox/chall (9).c: file format binary\n\n\nDisassembly of section .data:\n\n0000000000000000 <.data>:\n 0:\t23 64 65 66 \tand esp,DWORD PTR [rbp+riz2+0x66]\n 4:\t69 6e 65 20 5f 47 4e \timul ebp,DWORD PTR [rsi+0x65],0x4e475f20\n b:\t55 \tpush rbp\n c:\t5f \tpop rdi\n d:\t53 \tpush rbx\n e:\t4f 55 \trex.WRXB push r13\n 10:\t52 \tpush rdx\n 11:\t43 \trex.XB\n 12:\t45 0a 23 \tor r12b,BYTE PTR [r11]\n 15:\t69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 \timul ebp,DWORD PTR [rsi+0x63],0x6564756c\n 1c:\t20 3c 73 \tand BYTE PTR [rbx+rsi2],bh\n 1f:\t74 64 \tje 0x85\n 21:\t69 6f 2e 68 3e 0a 23 \timul ebp,DWORD PTR [rdi+0x2e],0x230a3e68\n 28:\t69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 \timul ebp,DWORD PTR [rsi+0x63],0x6564756c\n 2f:\t20 3c 73 \tand BYTE PTR [rbx+rsi2],bh\n 32:\t74 64 \tje 0x98\n 34:\t6c \tins BYTE PTR [rdi],dx\n 35:\t69 62 2e 68 3e 0a 23 \timul esp,DWORD PTR [rdx+0x2e],0x230a3e68\n 3c:\t69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 \timul ebp,DWORD PTR [rsi+0x63],0x6564756c\n 43:\t20 3c 73 \tand BYTE PTR [rbx+rsi2],bh\n 46:\t69 67 6e 61 6c 2e 68 \timul esp,DWORD PTR [rdi+0x6e],0x682e6c61\n 4d:\t3e 0a 23 \tds or ah,BYTE PTR [rbx]\n 50:\t69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 \timul ebp,DWORD PTR [rsi+0x63],0x6564756c\n 57:\t20 3c 75 63 6f 6e 74 \tand BYTE PTR [rsi2+0x746e6f63],bh\n 5e:\t65 78 74 \tgs js 0xd5\n 61:\t2e 68 3e 0a 23 69 \tcs push 0x69230a3e\n 67:\t6e \touts dx,BYTE PTR [rsi]\n 68:\t63 6c 75 64 \tmovsxd ebp,DWORD PTR [rbp+rsi2+0x64]\n 6c:\t65 20 3c 73 \tand BYTE PTR gs:[rbx+rsi2],bh\n 70:\t74 72 \tje 0xe4\n 72:\t69 6e 67 2e 68 3e 0a \timul ebp,DWORD PTR [rsi+0x67],0xa3e682e\n 79:\t23 69 6e \tand ebp,DWORD PTR [rcx+0x6e]\n 7c:\t63 6c 75 64 \tmovsxd ebp,DWORD PTR [rbp+rsi2+0x64]\n 80:\t65 20 3c 73 \tand BYTE PTR gs:[rbx+rsi2],bh\n 84:\t74 64 \tje 0xea\n 86:\t69 6e 74 2e 68 3e 0a \timul ebp,DWORD PTR [rsi+0x74],0xa3e682e\n 8d:\t23 69 6e \tand ebp,DWORD PTR [rcx+0x6e]\n 90:\t63 6c 75 64 \tmovsxd ebp,DWORD PTR [rbp+rsi2+0x64]\n 94:\t65 20 3c 75 6e 69 73 \tand BYTE PTR gs:[rsi2+0x7473696e],bh\n 9b:\t74 \n 9c:\t64 2e 68 3e 0a 23 69 \tfs cs push 0x69230a3e\n a3:\t6e \touts dx,BYTE PTR [rsi]\n a4:\t63 6c 75 64 \tmovsxd ebp,DWORD PTR [rbp+rsi2+0x64]\n a8:\t65 20 3c 73 \tand BYTE PTR gs:[rbx+rsi2],bh\n ac:\t79 73 \tjns 0x121\n ae:\t2f \t(bad)\n af:\t73 79 \tjae 0x12a\n b1:\t73 63 \tjae 0x116\n b3:\t61 \t(bad)\n b4:\t6c \tins BYTE PTR [rdi],dx\n b5:\t6c \tins BYTE PTR [rdi],dx\n b6:\t2e 68 3e 0a 23 69 \tcs push 0x69230a3e\n bc:\t6e \touts dx,BYTE PTR [rsi]\n bd:\t63 6c 75 64 \tmovsxd ebp,DWORD PTR [rbp+rsi2+0x64]\n c1:\t65 20 3c 73 \tand BYTE PTR gs:[rbx+rsi2],bh\n c5:\t74 64 \tje 0x12b\n c7:\t61 \t(bad)\n c8:\t72 67 \tjb 0x131\n ca:\t2e 68 3e 0a 23 69 \tcs push 0x69230a3e\n d0:\t6e \touts dx,BYTE PTR [rsi]\n d1:\t63 6c 75 64 \tmovsxd ebp,DWORD PTR [rbp+rsi2+0x64]\n d5:\t65 20 3c 73 \tand BYTE PTR gs:[rbx+rsi2],bh\n d9:\t79 73 \tjns 0x14e\n db:\t2f \t(bad)\n dc:\t6d \tins DWORD PTR [rdi],dx\n dd:\t6d \tins DWORD PTR [rdi],dx\n de:\t61 \t(bad)\n df:\t6e \touts dx,BYTE PTR [rsi]\n e0:\t2e 68 3e 0a 0a 2f \tcs push 0x2f0a0a3e\n e6:\t2f \t(bad)\n e7:\t20 54 72 61 \tand BYTE PTR [rdx+rsi2+0x61],dl\n eb:\t70 20 \tjo 0x10d\n ed:\t66 6c \tdata16 ins BYTE PTR [rdi],dx\n ef:\t61 \t(bad)\n f0:\t67 20 62 69 \tand BYTE PTR [edx+0x69],ah\n f4:\t74 20 \tje 0x116\n f6:\t69 6e 20 52 46 4c 41 \timul ebp,DWORD PTR [rsi+0x20],0x414c4652\n fd:\t47 53 \trex.RXB push r11\n ff:\t0a 23 \tor ah,BYTE PTR [rbx]\n 101:\t64 65 66 69 6e 65 20 \tfs imul bp,WORD PTR gs:[rsi+0x65],0x5420\n 108:\t54 \n 109:\t46 5f \trex.RX pop rdi\n 10b:\t4d \trex.WRB\n 10c:\t41 53 \tpush r11\n 10e:\t4b 20 30 \trex.WXB and BYTE PTR [r8],sil\n 111:\t78 31 \tjs 0x144\n 113:\t30 30 \txor BYTE PTR [rax],dh\n 115:\t0a 0a \tor cl,BYTE PTR [rdx]\n 117:\t63 68 61 \tmovsxd ebp,DWORD PTR [rax+0x61]\n 11a:\t72 20 \tjb 0x13c\n 11c:\t73 68 \tjae 0x186\n 11e:\t65 6c \tgs ins BYTE PTR [rdi],dx\n 120:\t6c \tins BYTE PTR [rdi],dx\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "echo \"h3ll0_th3r3_wr0ng_p4ssw0rd\" | \"/sandbox/chall (7)\""}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":":drowssap eht retnE\n!liaf cipE\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{"filepath": "/sandbox/extract_strings.py", "content": "#!/usr/bin/env python3\n# Extract strings from shellcode properly\n\nshellcode_hex = \"0xc3,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x40,0x00,0xc9,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x40,0x00,0x90,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x40,0x00,0x0f,0x05,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x00,0x89,0xcf,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x00,0xbe,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xb9,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x41,0xb9,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x41,0xb8,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x41,0xba,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xba,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xb8,0x3c,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x05,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x00,0x48,0x89,0xce,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x90,0xbf,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x90,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x40,0x00,0x48,0x8d,0x8d,0x75,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x90,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x40,0x00,0xeb,0xce,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x00,0x48,0x8d,0x8d,0x80,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x74,0xce,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x00,0x80,0x7d,0xfb,0x00,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x90,0x41,0xb9,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x41,0xb8,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x41,0xba,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x90,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x40,0x00,0xba,0x0b,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x90,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x40,0x00,0xeb,0xce,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x00,0xba,0x10,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x74,0xce,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0f,0x1f,0x00,0x80,0x7d,0xfb,0x00,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x90,0xb8,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x66,0x2e,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xc7,0x85,0x7c,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x69,0x70,0x45,0x0a,0x66,0x0f,0x1f,0x44,0x00,0x00,0x48,0x89,0x85,0x75,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x48,0xb8,0x21,0x6c,0x69,0x61,0x66,0x20,0x63,0x69,0x66,0x0f,0x1f,0x44,0x00,0x00,0x48,0x89,0x95,0x88,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x48,0x89,0x85,0x80,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x66,0x0f,0x1f,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x48,0xba,0x79,0x72,0x6f,0x74,0x63,0x69,0x56,0x0a,0x66,0x0f,0x1f,0x44,0x00,0x00,0x48,0xb8,0x21,0x65,0x6c,0x61,0x79,0x6f,0x72,0x20,0x66,0x0f,0x1f,0x44,0x00,0x00\"\n\n# Parse hex values\nshellcode_bytes = bytes([int(x.strip(), 16) for x in shellcode_hex.split(',')])\n\n# Look for the encoded data strings\n# Based on the source: 0x48,0xb8 is \"mov rax, imm64\"\ni = 0\nwhile i < len(shellcode_bytes):\n # Look for mov rax/rbx/... patterns \n if i < len(shellcode_bytes) - 10:\n if shellcode_bytes[i:i+2] == bytes([0x48, 0xb8]): # mov rax\n imm = int.from_bytes(shellcode_bytes[i+2:i+10], 'little')\n try:\n text = imm.to_bytes(8, 'little').decode('latin-1')\n print(f\"At {i}: mov rax, {hex(imm)} = {repr(text)}\")\n except:\n pass\n i += 10\n continue\n elif shellcode_bytes[i:i+2] == bytes([0x48, 0xba]): # mov rdx\n imm = int.from_bytes(shellcode_bytes[i+2:i+10], 'little')\n try:\n text = imm.to_bytes(8, 'little').decode('latin-1')\n print(f\"At {i}: mov rdx, {hex(imm)} = {repr(text)}\")\n except:\n pass\n i += 10\n continue\n elif shellcode_bytes[i:i+6] == bytes([0xc7, 0x85]) or (i > 0 and shellcode_bytes[i-1:i+5] == bytes([0xc7, 0x85])): # mov [rbp+...], imm32\n # Skip patterns\n pass\n i += 1\n\nprint(\"\\n\\nExtracted password string from mov instructions:\")\npassword_bytes = [\n 0x02, 0x3b, 0x11, 0x24, 0x15, 0x41, 0x3f, 0x19, # First qword\n 0x1c, 0x09, 0x1d, 0x14, 0x18, 0x30, 0x39, 0x0b, # Second qword\n 0x40, 0x2e, 0x0c, 0x21, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x0f, 0x25, # Third qword\n 0x29, 0x27, 0x05, 0x17, 0x00, 0x2a, 0x3a, 0x2c, # Fourth qword\n 0x3d, 0x33, 0x36, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x20, 0x32, 0x23, # Fifth qword\n 0x2b, 0x04, 0x43, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x1f, 0x2d, 0x34, # Sixth qword\n 0x28, 0x16, 0x10, 0x13, 0x07, 0x12, 0x08, 0x42, # Seventh qword\n 0x1a, 0x03, 0x06, 0x35, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x31, 0x37, # Eighth qword\n]\n\npassphrase = \"password: the Enter\\n!royale Victory\\nic fail Epic\\n\"\nprint(\"Passphrase:\", repr(passphrase))\nprint(\"\\nPassword bytes (the key):\", password_bytes)\n"}
Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/extract_strings.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 extract_strings.py"}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"At 560: mov rax, 0x6963206661696c21 = '!liaf ci'\nAt 608: mov rdx, 0xa566963746f7279 = 'yrotciV\n'\nAt 624: mov rax, 0x20726f79616c6521 = '!elayor '\n\n\nExtracted password string from mov instructions:\nPassphrase: 'password: the Enter\n!royale Victory\nic fail Epic\n'\n\nPassword bytes (the key): [2, 59, 17, 36, 21, 65, 63, 25, 28, 9, 29, 20, 24, 48, 57, 11, 64, 46, 12, 33, 14, 27, 15, 37, 41, 39, 5, 23, 0, 42, 58, 44, 61, 51, 54, 30, 56, 32, 50, 35, 43, 4, 67, 60, 34, 31, 45, 52, 40, 22, 16, 19, 7, 18, 8, 66, 26, 3, 6, 53, 10, 13, 49, 55]\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{"filepath": "/sandbox/solve_flag.py", "content": "#!/usr/bin/env python3\n\n# The password bytes represent the permutation/substitution\npassword_bytes = [\n 0x02, 0x3b, 0x11, 0x24, 0x15, 0x41, 0x3f, 0x19,\n 0x1c, 0x09, 0x1d, 0x14, 0x18, 0x30, 0x39, 0x0b,\n 0x40, 0x2e, 0x0c, 0x21, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x0f, 0x25,\n 0x29, 0x27, 0x05, 0x17, 0x00, 0x2a, 0x3a, 0x2c,\n 0x3d, 0x33, 0x36, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x20, 0x32, 0x23,\n 0x2b, 0x04, 0x43, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x1f, 0x2d, 0x34,\n 0x28, 0x16, 0x10, 0x13, 0x07, 0x12, 0x08, 0x42,\n 0x1a, 0x03, 0x06, 0x35, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x31, 0x37,\n]\n\n# The expected string (reversed because output is reversed)\nexpected = \"Victory royale!\"[::-1] # \"!elayor yrotciV\"\n\n# Now need to find what input produces this\n# The algorithm appears to be checking input[password_bytes[i]] against expected[i]\n\n# Create inverse mapping\ninput_str = ['?' for _ in range(68)]\n\nfor i, pos in enumerate(password_bytes):\n if i < len(expected):\n input_str[pos] = expected[i]\n\nflag_candidate = ''.join(input_str)\nprint(\"Direct reconstruction:\", flag_candidate)\n\n# Try alternate interpretation - the password bytes IS the input permuted\n# So we need to reverse the permutation\nresult = ['?' for _ in range(len(password_bytes))]\nfor i, val in enumerate(password_bytes):\n if val < len(expected):\n result[i] = expected[val]\n\nflag2 = ''.join(result)\nprint(\"Permutation approach:\", flag2)\n\n# Actually look at the decompiled code more carefully\n# It seems to xor or transform the input based on password_bytes\n# Let's try different approaches\n\n# The output strings suggest:\n# \"Enter the password:\" (reversed to \":drowssap eht retnE\")\n# \"Victory royale!\" for success\n# \"Epic fail!\" for failure\n\n# Let's analyze what strings might be the flag\nvisible_strings = [\n \"!elayor yrotciV\", # Victory royale! reversed\n \"!liaf cipE\", # Epic fail! reversed \n]\n\n# The password check compares input transformed by password_bytes\n# Let's reverse it properly\nprint(\"\\n=== Analyzing algorithm ===\")\nprint(\"Password bytes represent indices into input\")\nprint(\"Need to find input such that input[password_bytes[i]] matches expected[i]\")\n\n# Build the flag by placing characters at positions\nflag = ['_' for _ in range(max(password_bytes) + 1)]\nsuccess_msg = \"Victory royale!\"\n\nfor i in range(min(len(password_bytes), len(success_msg))):\n pos = password_bytes[i]\n char = success_msg[i]\n if pos < len(flag):\n flag[pos] = char\n\nresult_flag = ''.join(flag)\nprint(f\"\\nReconstructed flag: {result_flag}\")\nprint(f\"As SSM{{...}}: SSM{{{result_flag}}}\")\n\n# The flag should be readable when checked against Victory royale!\n"}
Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/solve_flag.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 solve_flag.py"}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"Direct reconstruction: ??!??????r???????l??ty??c ??yo??????a???????????i????????V?e???r?o??\nPermutation approach: l????????r?????t??c?V?????o?!????????????y?????????? ?y??ar?oi??\n\n=== Analyzing algorithm ===\nPassword bytes represent indices into input\nNeed to find input such that input[password_bytes[i]] matches expected[i]\n\nReconstructed flag: V______o_______c__ao__l ry______t___________e____!i___y_r_\nAs SSM{...}: SSM{V______o_______c__ao__l ry______t___________e____!i___y_r_}\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{"filepath": "/sandbox/solve_correct.py", "content": "#!/usr/bin/env python3\n\n# Password bytes - this is the permutation key\npassword_bytes = [\n 0x02, 0x3b, 0x11, 0x24, 0x15, 0x41, 0x3f, 0x19,\n 0x1c, 0x09, 0x1d, 0x14, 0x18, 0x30, 0x39, 0x0b,\n 0x40, 0x2e, 0x0c, 0x21, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x0f, 0x25,\n 0x29, 0x27, 0x05, 0x17, 0x00, 0x2a, 0x3a, 0x2c,\n 0x3d, 0x33, 0x36, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x20, 0x32, 0x23,\n 0x2b, 0x04, 0x43, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x1f, 0x2d, 0x34,\n 0x28, 0x16, 0x10, 0x13, 0x07, 0x12, 0x08, 0x42,\n 0x1a, 0x03, 0x06, 0x35, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x31, 0x37,\n]\n\n# Target: \"Victory royale!\"\n# The program checks if input[password_bytes[i]] == target[i]\n# So: password_bytes[i] gives us the INDEX in input where target[i] should be\n\ntarget = \"Victory royale!\"\n\n# Create the flag by placing each character at the right position\nflag = ['_'] * max(password_bytes + [len(target)])\n\nfor i in range(len(target)):\n if i < len(password_bytes):\n pos = password_bytes[i]\n flag[pos] = target[i]\n\n# Join and print\nresult = ''.join(flag)\nprint(\"Flag (before format):\", result)\nprint(f\"Flag: SSM{{{result}}}\")\n\n# Test it\nprint(\"\\n=== Testing ===\")\ntest_input = result\nreconstructed = \"\"\nfor i in range(len(password_bytes)):\n if password_bytes[i] < len(test_input):\n reconstructed += test_input[password_bytes[i]]\n else:\n reconstructed += \"?\"\n \nprint(f\"Input: {test_input}\")\nprint(f\"After permutation: {reconstructed}\")\nprint(f\"Target: {target}\")\nprint(f\"Match: {reconstructed == target}\")\n"}
Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/solve_correct.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 solve_correct.py"}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"Flag (before format): V______o_______c__ao__l ry______t___________e____!i___y_r\nFlag: SSM{V______o_______c__ao__l ry______t___________e____!i___y_r}\n\n=== Testing ===\nInput: V______o_______c__ao__l ry______t___________e____!i___y_r\nAfter permutation: Victory royale!______?\nTarget: Victory royale!\nMatch: False\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{"filepath": "/sandbox/final_solve.py", "content": "#!/usr/bin/env python3\n\n# Password bytes - the permutation\npassword_bytes = [\n 0x02, 0x3b, 0x11, 0x24, 0x15, 0x41, 0x3f, 0x19,\n 0x1c, 0x09, 0x1d, 0x14, 0x18, 0x30, 0x39, 0x0b,\n 0x40, 0x2e, 0x0c, 0x21, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x0f, 0x25,\n 0x29, 0x27, 0x05, 0x17, 0x00, 0x2a, 0x3a, 0x2c,\n 0x3d, 0x33, 0x36, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x20, 0x32, 0x23,\n 0x2b, 0x04, 0x43, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x1f, 0x2d, 0x34,\n 0x28, 0x16, 0x10, 0x13, 0x07, 0x12, 0x08, 0x42,\n 0x1a, 0x03, 0x06, 0x35, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x31, 0x37,\n]\n\n# Target message when correct\ntarget = \"Victory royale!\"\n\n# Build the flag: password_bytes[i] tells us where to read from input for position i of target\n# So we need input[password_bytes[i]] = target[i]\n# This means: flag[password_bytes[i]] = target[i]\n\n# Find maximum index\nmax_idx = max(password_bytes[:len(target)])\nflag = ['_'] * (max_idx + 1)\n\n# Place each character\nfor i in range(len(target)):\n idx = password_bytes[i]\n flag[idx] = target[i]\n \nresult = ''.join(flag)\n\nprint(\"Raw flag:\", result)\nprint()\nprint(\"FINAL FLAG: SSM{\" + result + \"}\")\n\n# Verify\nprint(\"\\n=== Verification ===\")\nreconstructed = ''.join([result[password_bytes[i]] for i in range(len(target))])\nprint(f\"Input: {result}\")\nprint(f\"Output: {reconstructed}\")\nprint(f\"Target: {target}\")\nprint(f\"Match: {reconstructed == target}\")\n"}
Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/final_solve.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 final_solve.py"}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"Raw flag: V______o_______c__ao__l ry______t___________e____!i___y_r\n\nFINAL FLAG: SSM{V______o_______c__ao__l ry______t___________e___!i___y_r}\n\n=== Verification ===\nInput: V______o_______c__ao__l ry______t___________e___!i___y_r\nOutput: Victory royale!\nTarget: Victory royale!\nMatch: True\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "echo \"__V______o_______c__ao__l __ry______t___________e________!_i___y_r\" | \"/sandbox/chall (7)\""}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":":drowssap eht retnE\n!liaf cipE\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{"filepath": "/sandbox/test_input.txt", "content": "__V______o_______c__ao__l __ry______t___________e________!_i___y_r"}
Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/test_input.txt"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "cat /sandbox/test_input.txt | \"/sandbox/chall (7)\""}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":":drowssap eht retnE\n!liaf cipE\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{"filepath": "/sandbox/debug_test.py", "content": "#!/usr/bin/env python3\nimport subprocess\n\n# The flag we think is correct\ntest_input = \"__V______o_______c__ao__l __ry______t___________e________!_i___y_r\"\n\nprint(f\"Testing input: {repr(test_input)}\")\nprint(f\"Length: {len(test_input)}\")\n\n# Write to file and test\nwith open('/tmp/test.txt', 'w') as f:\n f.write(test_input)\n\nresult = subprocess.run(\n ['/sandbox/chall (7)'],\n input=test_input.encode(),\n capture_output=True\n)\n\nprint(f\"\\nStdout: {result.stdout.decode()}\")\nprint(f\"Stderr: {result.stderr.decode()}\")\nprint(f\"Return code: {result.returncode}\")\n\n# Try with newline\nprint(\"\\n=== With newline ===\")\nresult2 = subprocess.run(\n ['/sandbox/chall (7)'],\n input=(test_input + '\\n').encode(),\n capture_output=True\n)\n\nprint(f\"Stdout: {result2.stdout.decode()}\")\nprint(f\"Stderr: {result2.stderr.decode()}\")\nprint(f\"Return code: {result2.returncode}\")\n"}
Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/debug_test.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 debug_test.py"}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"Testing input: 'V______o_______c__ao__l ry______t___________e____!i___y_r'\nLength: 66\n\nStdout: :drowssap eht retnE\n!liaf cipE\n\nStderr: \nReturn code: 0\n\n=== With newline ===\nStdout: :drowssap eht retnE\n!liaf cipE\n\nStderr: \nReturn code: 0\n","stderr":""}Call ghidra_disassemble_function
Arguments
{"filepath": "/sandbox/chall (7)", "address": "0x4011d6"}
Tool result
{"result":["004011d6: ENDBR64 ","004011da: PUSH RBP ","004011db: MOV RBP,RSP ","004011de: MOV dword ptr [RBP + -0x14],EDI ","004011e1: MOV qword ptr [RBP + -0x20],RSI ","004011e5: MOV qword ptr [RBP + -0x28],RDX ","004011e9: MOV RAX,qword ptr [RBP + -0x28] ","004011ed: MOV qword ptr [RBP + -0x10],RAX ","004011f1: MOV RAX,qword ptr [RBP + -0x10] ","004011f5: ADD RAX,0x28 ","004011f9: MOV qword ptr [RBP + -0x8],RAX ","004011fd: MOV RAX,qword ptr [RBP + -0x8] ","00401201: SUB RAX,-0x80 ","00401205: MOV RDX,qword ptr [RAX] ","00401208: MOV RAX,qword ptr [RBP + -0x8] ","0040120c: SUB RAX,-0x80 ","00401210: AND RDX,-0x10 ","00401214: MOV qword ptr [RAX],RDX ","00401217: MOV RAX,qword ptr [RBP + -0x8] ","0040121b: SUB RAX,-0x80 ","0040121f: MOV RDX,qword ptr [RAX] ","00401222: MOV RAX,qword ptr [RBP + -0x8] ","00401226: SUB RAX,-0x80 ","0040122a: SUB RDX,0x10 ","0040122e: MOV qword ptr [RAX],RDX ","00401231: NOP ","00401232: POP RBP ","00401233: RET "]}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{"filepath": "/sandbox/analyze_shellcode.py", "content": "#!/usr/bin/env python3\n\"\"\"\nAnalyze the shellcode more carefully to understand the password checking logic\n\"\"\"\n\n# From the C source, the shellcode starts with this pattern\n# Based on the decompilation, shellcode seems to:\n# 1. Read input (0x44 = 68 bytes)\n# 2. Apply transformation\n# 3. Compare with \"Victory royale!\"\n\n# Password bytes (68 total)\npassword_bytes = [\n 0x02, 0x3b, 0x11, 0x24, 0x15, 0x41, 0x3f, 0x19, # 0-7\n 0x1c, 0x09, 0x1d, 0x14, 0x18, 0x30, 0x39, 0x0b, # 8-15\n 0x40, 0x2e, 0x0c, 0x21, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x0f, 0x25, # 16-23\n 0x29, 0x27, 0x05, 0x17, 0x00, 0x2a, 0x3a, 0x2c, # 24-31\n 0x3d, 0x33, 0x36, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x20, 0x32, 0x23, # 32-39\n 0x2b, 0x04, 0x43, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x1f, 0x2d, 0x34, # 40-47\n 0x28, 0x16, 0x10, 0x13, 0x07, 0x12, 0x08, 0x42, # 48-55\n 0x1a, 0x03, 0x06, 0x35, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x31, 0x37, # 56-63\n]\n\nprint(f\"Password bytes length: {len(password_bytes)}\")\nprint(f\"Max index in password: {max(password_bytes)}\")\nprint(f\"Min index: {min(password_bytes)}\")\n\ntarget = \"Victory royale!\"\nprint(f\"\\nTarget: '{target}'\")\nprint(f\"Target length: {len(target)}\")\n\n# The check seems to be comparing first 15 characters only (length of target)\n# Let's build the 68-byte input needed\n\n# Initialize with 68 bytes\nflag = ['X'] * 68\n\n# For each position in target, place it at the right position in flag\nfor i in range(len(target)):\n idx = password_bytes[i]\n flag[idx] = target[i]\n print(f\"Position {i}: target[{i}]='{target[i]}' -> flag[{idx}]='{target[i]}'\")\n\nresult = ''.join(flag)\nprint(f\"\\nGenerated 68-byte flag: {repr(result)}\")\nprint(f\"Length: {len(result)}\")\n\n# Verify\nprint(\"\\n=== Verification ===\")\nreconstructed = ''.join([result[password_bytes[i]] for i in range(len(target))])\nprint(f\"Reconstructed: '{reconstructed}'\")\nprint(f\"Target: '{target}'\")\nprint(f\"Match: {reconstructed == target}\")\n\nprint(f\"\\n\\nFINAL FLAG: SSM{{{result}}}\")\n"}
Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/analyze_shellcode.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 analyze_shellcode.py"}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"Password bytes length: 64\nMax index in password: 67\nMin index: 0\n\nTarget: 'Victory royale!'\nTarget length: 15\nPosition 0: target[0]='V' -> flag[2]='V'\nPosition 1: target[1]='i' -> flag[59]='i'\nPosition 2: target[2]='c' -> flag[17]='c'\nPosition 3: target[3]='t' -> flag[36]='t'\nPosition 4: target[4]='o' -> flag[21]='o'\nPosition 5: target[5]='r' -> flag[65]='r'\nPosition 6: target[6]='y' -> flag[63]='y'\nPosition 7: target[7]=' ' -> flag[25]=' '\nPosition 8: target[8]='r' -> flag[28]='r'\nPosition 9: target[9]='o' -> flag[9]='o'\nPosition 10: target[10]='y' -> flag[29]='y'\nPosition 11: target[11]='a' -> flag[20]='a'\nPosition 12: target[12]='l' -> flag[24]='l'\nPosition 13: target[13]='e' -> flag[48]='e'\nPosition 14: target[14]='!' -> flag[57]='!'\n\nGenerated 68-byte flag: 'XXVXXXXXXoXXXXXXXcXXaoXXl XXryXXXXXXtXXXXXXXXXXXeXXXXXXXX!XiXXXyXrXX'\nLength: 68\n\n=== Verification ===\nReconstructed: 'Victory royale!'\nTarget: 'Victory royale!'\nMatch: True\n\n\nFINAL FLAG: SSM{XXVXXXXXXoXXXXXXXcXXaoXXl XXryXXXXXXtXXXXXXXXXXXeXXXXXXXX!XiXXXyXrXX}\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{"command": "echo \"XXVXXXXXXoXXXXXXXcXXaoXXl XXryXXXXXXtXXXXXXXXXXXeXXXXXXXX!XiXXXyXrXX\" | \"/sandbox/chall (7)\""}
Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":":drowssap eht retnE\n!liaf cipE\n","stderr":""}Call Task
Arguments
{"subagent_type": "general-purpose", "description": "Debug shellcode execution issue", "prompt": "The binary \"/sandbox/chall (7)\" uses shellcode with single-stepping (SIGTRAP) and appears to check input against password. I've analyzed the shellcode and found:\n\n1. It reads 68 bytes (0x44)\n2. Uses a permutation array to transform input\n3. Should print \"Victory royale!\" on success but always prints \"Epic fail!\"\n\nThe permutation array is:\n[0x02, 0x3b, 0x11, 0x24, 0x15, 0x41, 0x3f, 0x19, 0x1c, 0x09, 0x1d, 0x14, 0x18, 0x30, 0x39, 0x0b, 0x40, 0x2e, 0x0c, 0x21, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x0f, 0x25, 0x29, 0x27, 0x05, 0x17, 0x00, 0x2a, 0x3a, 0x2c, 0x3d, 0x33, 0x36, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x20, 0x32, 0x23, 0x2b, 0x04, 0x43, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x1f, 0x2d, 0x34, 0x28, 0x16, 0x10, 0x13, 0x07, 0x12, 0x08, 0x42, 0x1a, 0x03, 0x06, 0x35, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x31, 0x37]\n\nTarget: \"Victory royale!\"\n\nI built the input by reversing the permutation but it still fails. The binary uses trap_handler that modifies RIP. Debug this and find the correct flag format SSM{...}"}Call ghidra_open_server
Arguments
{
"filepath": "/sandbox/chall (7)",
"reopen": true
}Tool result
{"result":"compilerID: gcc\nimports[2]:\n - functions[8]: __libc_start_main,sigaction,__stack_chk_fail,mmap,memset,sigemptyset,perror,__gmon_start__\n name: \n - functions[0]:\n name: libc.so.6\nexports[19]{address,name}:\n \"00401000\",__DT_INIT\n \"00401000\",_init\n 004010f0,_start\n \"00401120\",_dl_relocate_static_pie\n 004011a0,__do_global_dtors_aux\n 004011d0,frame_dummy\n \"00401234\",main\n 004013c4,__DT_FINI\n 004013c4,_fini\n \"00402000\",_IO_stdin_used\n \"00404040\",data_start\n \"00404040\",__data_start\n \"00404048\",__dso_handle\n \"00404060\",shellcode\n 004049c4,completed.0\n 004049c4,_edata\n 004049c4,__bss_start\n 004049c8,_end\n 004049c8,__TMC_END__\nformat: Executable and Linking Format (ELF)\nlanguageID: \"x86:LE:64:default\"\nprocessor: x86\nendianess: Little Endian\nsegments[33]{name,start,end}:\n segment_2.1,\"00400000\",\"00400317\"\n .interp,\"00400318\",\"00400333\"\n .note.gnu.property,\"00400338\",\"00400367\"\n .note.gnu.build-id,\"00400368\",0040038b\n .note.ABI-tag,0040038c,004003ab\n .gnu.hash,004003b0,004003cb\n .dynsym,004003d0,004004a7\n .dynstr,004004a8,0040052e\n .gnu.version,\"00400530\",\"00400541\"\n .gnu.version_r,\"00400548\",\"00400587\"\n .rela.dyn,\"00400588\",004005b7\n .rela.plt,004005b8,\"00400647\"\n .init,\"00401000\",0040101a\n .plt,\"00401020\",0040108f\n .plt.sec,\"00401090\",004010ef\n .text,004010f0,004013c3\n .fini,004013c4,004013d0\n .rodata,\"00402000\",\"00402017\"\n .eh_frame_hdr,\"00402018\",\"00402053\"\n .eh_frame,\"00402058\",0040211b\n .init_array,00403df8,00403dff\n .fini_array,\"00403e00\",\"00403e07\"\n .dynamic,\"00403e08\",00403fd7\n .got,00403fd8,00403fe7\n .got.plt,00403fe8,0040402f\n .data,\"00404040\",004049c3\n .bss,004049c4,004049c7\n EXTERNAL,\"00405000\",0040503f\n .comment,\".comment::00000000\",\".comment::00000025\"\n .shstrtab,\".shstrtab::00000000\",\".shstrtab::0000011e\"\n .strtab,\".strtab::00000000\",\".strtab::00000226\"\n .symtab,\".symtab::00000000\",\".symtab::000003d7\"\n _elfSectionHeaders,\"_elfSectionHeaders::00000000\",\"_elfSectionHeaders::000007bf\"\naddressSize: 64 bit\nimageBase: \"00400000\"\nnamedFunctions[9]{address,name}:\n \"00401000\",_init\n 004010f0,_start\n \"00401120\",_dl_relocate_static_pie\n \"00401130\",deregister_tm_clones\n \"00401160\",register_tm_clones\n 004011a0,__do_global_dtors_aux\n 004011d6,trap_handler\n \"00401234\",main\n 004013c4,_fini\nstrings[81]{address,value}:\n \"00400318\",/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2\n 004004a9,perror\n 004004b0,__stack_chk_fail\n 004004c1,sigaction\n 004004cb,__libc_start_main\n 004004dd,memset\n \"004004e4\",sigemptyset\n 004004f0,mmap\n 004004f5,libc.so.6\n 004004ff,GLIBC_2.4\n \"00400509\",GLIBC_2.2.5\n \"00400515\",GLIBC_2.34\n \"00400520\",__gmon_start__\n \"00402004\",sigaction\n 0040200e,mmap fail\n \"00402061\",zR\n \".comment::00000000\",\"GCC: (Ubuntu 13.2.0-23ubuntu4) 13.2.0\"\n \".shstrtab::00000001\",.symtab\n \".shstrtab::00000009\",.strtab\n \".shstrtab::00000011\",.shstrtab\n \".shstrtab::0000001b\",.interp\n \".shstrtab::00000023\",.note.gnu.property\n \".shstrtab::00000036\",.note.gnu.build-id\n \".shstrtab::00000049\",.note.ABI-tag\n \".shstrtab::00000057\",.gnu.hash\n \".shstrtab::00000061\",.dynsym\n \".shstrtab::00000069\",.dynstr\n \".shstrtab::00000071\",.gnu.version\n \".shstrtab::0000007e\",.gnu.version_r\n \".shstrtab::0000008d\",.rela.dyn\n \".shstrtab::00000097\",.rela.plt\n \".shstrtab::000000a1\",.init\n \".shstrtab::000000a7\",.plt.sec\n \".shstrtab::000000b0\",.text\n \".shstrtab::000000b6\",.fini\n \".shstrtab::000000bc\",.rodata\n \".shstrtab::000000c4\",.eh_frame_hdr\n \".shstrtab::000000d2\",.eh_frame\n \".shstrtab::000000dc\",.init_array\n \".shstrtab::000000e8\",.fini_array\n \".shstrtab::000000f4\",.dynamic\n \".shstrtab::000000fd\",.got\n \".shstrtab::00000102\",.got.plt\n \".shstrtab::0000010b\",.data\n \".shstrtab::00000111\",.bss\n \".shstrtab::00000116\",.comment\n \".strtab::00000001\",crt1.o\n \".strtab::00000008\",__abi_tag\n \".strtab::00000012\",crtstuff.c\n \".strtab::0000001d\",deregister_tm_clones\n \".strtab::00000032\",__do_global_dtors_aux\n \".strtab::00000048\",completed.0\n \".strtab::00000054\",__do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry\n \".strtab::0000007b\",frame_dummy\n \".strtab::00000087\",__frame_dummy_init_array_entry\n \".strtab::000000a6\",chall.c\n \".strtab::000000ae\",trap_handler\n \".strtab::000000bb\",__FRAME_END__\n \".strtab::000000c9\",_DYNAMIC\n \".strtab::000000d2\",__GNU_EH_FRAME_HDR\n \".strtab::000000e5\",_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_\n \".strtab::000000fb\",__libc_start_main@GLIBC_2.34\n \".strtab::00000118\",sigaction@GLIBC_2.2.5\n \".strtab::0000012e\",_edata\n \".strtab::00000135\",_fini\n \".strtab::0000013b\",__stack_chk_fail@GLIBC_2.4\n \".strtab::00000156\",mmap@GLIBC_2.2.5\n \".strtab::00000167\",memset@GLIBC_2.2.5\n \".strtab::0000017a\",__data_start\n \".strtab::00000187\",sigemptyset@GLIBC_2.2.5\n \".strtab::0000019f\",__gmon_start__\n \".strtab::000001ae\",__dso_handle\n \".strtab::000001bb\",_IO_stdin_used\n \".strtab::000001ca\",_end\n \".strtab::000001cf\",_dl_relocate_static_pie\n \".strtab::000001e7\",shellcode\n \".strtab::000001f1\",__bss_start\n \".strtab::000001fd\",main\n \".strtab::00000202\",perror@GLIBC_2.2.5\n \".strtab::00000215\",__TMC_END__\n \".strtab::00000221\",_init\nfileSize: 18640 bytes\nentryPoint: \"\""}Call ghidra_decompile_function
Arguments
{
"filepath": "/sandbox/chall (7)",
"name_or_address": "main"
}Tool result
{"result":"\nundefined8 main(void)\n\n{\n int iVar1;\n undefined8 *puVar2;\n long lVar3;\n undefined8 uVar4;\n ulong uVar5;\n undefined8 *puVar6;\n undefined8 *puVar7;\n long in_FS_OFFSET;\n byte bVar8;\n sigaction local_a8;\n long local_10;\n \n bVar8 = 0;\n local_10 = *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28);\n memset(&local_a8,0,0x98);\n local_a8.__sigaction_handler.sa_handler = trap_handler;\n local_a8.sa_flags = 0x10000004;\n sigemptyset(&local_a8.sa_mask);\n iVar1 = sigaction(5,&local_a8,(sigaction *)0x0);\n if (iVar1 == -1) {\n FUN_004010e0(\"sigaction\");\n }\n else {\n puVar2 = (undefined8 *)mmap((void *)0x0,0x964,7,0x22,-1,0);\n if (puVar2 != (undefined8 *)0x0) {\n *puVar2 = shellcode;\n *(undefined8 *)((long)puVar2 + 0x95c) = DAT_004049bc;\n lVar3 = (long)puVar2 - (long)((ulong)(puVar2 + 1) & 0xfffffffffffffff8);\n puVar6 = (undefined8 *)((long)&shellcode - lVar3);\n puVar7 = (undefined8 *)((ulong)(puVar2 + 1) & 0xfffffffffffffff8);\n for (uVar5 = (ulong)((int)lVar3 + 0x964U >> 3); uVar5 != 0; uVar5 = uVar5 - 1) {\n *puVar7 = *puVar6;\n puVar6 = puVar6 + (ulong)bVar8 * -2 + 1;\n puVar7 = puVar7 + (ulong)bVar8 * -2 + 1;\n }\n /* WARNING: Could not recover jumptable at 0x004013a7. Too many branches */\n /* WARNING: Treating indirect jump as call */\n uVar4 = (*(code *)(puVar2 + 300))(puVar7,puVar6,puVar2 + 300);\n return uVar4;\n }\n FUN_004010e0(\"mmap fail\");\n }\n if (local_10 != *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28)) {\n /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */\n __stack_chk_fail();\n }\n return 1;\n}\n\n"}Call ghidra_decompile_function
Arguments
{
"filepath": "/sandbox/chall (7)",
"name_or_address": "trap_handler"
}Tool result
{"result":"\nvoid trap_handler(undefined8 param_1,undefined8 param_2,long param_3)\n\n{\n *(ulong *)(param_3 + 0xa8) = *(ulong *)(param_3 + 0xa8) & 0xfffffffffffffff0;\n *(long *)(param_3 + 0xa8) = *(long *)(param_3 + 0xa8) + -0x10;\n return;\n}\n\n"}Call ghidra_get_data_by_address
Arguments
{
"filepath": "/sandbox/chall (7)",
"address": "0x00404060"
}Tool result
{"result":"00841F0F2E6666C3h"}Call ghidra_list_data_items
Arguments
{
"filepath": "/sandbox/chall (7)",
"offset": 0,
"limit": 100
}Tool result
{"result":["00400000: (unnamed) = ","00400040: Elf64_Phdr_ARRAY_00400040 = ","00400318: s_/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2_00400318 = \"/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2\"","00400338: NoteGnuProperty_4_00400338 = ","00400348: (unnamed) = ","00400354: (unnamed) = ","00400368: GnuBuildId_00400368 = ","0040038c: __abi_tag = ","004003b0: __DT_GNU_HASH = 1h","004003b4: (unnamed) = 1h","004003b8: (unnamed) = 1h","004003bc: (unnamed) = 0h","004003c0: (unnamed) = ","004003c8: (unnamed) = ","004003d0: __DT_SYMTAB = ","004004a9: (unnamed) = u8\"perror\"","004004b0: (unnamed) = u8\"__stack_chk_fail\"","004004c1: (unnamed) = u8\"sigaction\"","004004cb: (unnamed) = u8\"__libc_start_main\"","004004dd: (unnamed) = u8\"memset\"","004004e4: (unnamed) = u8\"sigemptyset\"","004004f0: (unnamed) = u8\"mmap\"","004004f5: (unnamed) = u8\"libc.so.6\"","004004ff: (unnamed) = u8\"GLIBC_2.4\"","00400509: (unnamed) = u8\"GLIBC_2.2.5\"","00400515: (unnamed) = u8\"GLIBC_2.34\"","00400520: (unnamed) = u8\"__gmon_start__\"","00400530: __DT_VERSYM = 0h","00400532: (unnamed) = 2h","00400534: (unnamed) = 3h","00400536: (unnamed) = 4h","00400538: (unnamed) = 3h","0040053a: (unnamed) = 3h","0040053c: (unnamed) = 3h","0040053e: (unnamed) = 1h","00400540: (unnamed) = 3h","00400588: __DT_RELA = ","004005b8: __DT_JMPREL = ","00402000: _IO_stdin_used = 00020001h","00402004: s_sigaction_00402004 = \"sigaction\"","0040200e: s_mmap_fail_0040200e = \"mmap fail\"","00402018: __GNU_EH_FRAME_HDR = ","0040201c: (unnamed) = 3Ch","00402020: (unnamed) = 6h","00402024: (unnamed) = ","0040202c: (unnamed) = ","00402034: (unnamed) = ","0040203c: (unnamed) = ","00402044: (unnamed) = ","0040204c: (unnamed) = ","00402058: cie_00402058 = 14h","0040205c: (unnamed) = 0h","00402060: (unnamed) = 1h","00402061: (unnamed) = \"zR\"","00402064: (unnamed) = 1h","00402065: (unnamed) = -8h","00402066: (unnamed) = 10h","00402067: (unnamed) = 1h","00402068: (unnamed) = DW_EH_PE_sdata4 | DW_EH_PE_pcrel","00402069: (unnamed) = ","00402070: fde_00402070 = 10h","00402074: (unnamed) = 1Ch","00402078: (unnamed) = FFFFF078h","0040207c: (unnamed) = 26h","00402080: (unnamed) = 0h","00402081: (unnamed) = ","00402084: fde_00402084 = 10h","00402088: (unnamed) = 30h","0040208c: (unnamed) = FFFFF094h","00402090: (unnamed) = 5h","00402098: fde_00402098 = 24h","0040209c: (unnamed) = 44h","004020a0: (unnamed) = FFFFEF80h","004020a4: (unnamed) = 70h","004020a8: (unnamed) = 0h","004020a9: (unnamed) = ","004020c0: fde_004020c0 = 14h","004020c4: (unnamed) = 6Ch","004020c8: (unnamed) = FFFFEFC8h","004020cc: (unnamed) = 60h","004020d4: (unnamed) = 0h","004020d5: (unnamed) = ","004020d8: fde_004020d8 = 1Ch","004020dc: (unnamed) = 84h","004020e0: (unnamed) = FFFFF0F6h","004020e4: (unnamed) = 5Eh","004020e8: (unnamed) = 0h","004020e9: (unnamed) = ","004020f8: fde_004020f8 = 1Ch","004020fc: (unnamed) = A4h","00402100: (unnamed) = FFFFF134h","00402104: (unnamed) = 190h","00402108: (unnamed) = 0h","00402109: (unnamed) = ","00402118: __FRAME_END__ = 0h","00403df8: __frame_dummy_init_array_entry = 004011d0","00403e00: __do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry = 004011a0","00403e08: _DYNAMIC = ","00403fd8: PTR___libc_start_main_00403fd8 = 00405000","00403fe0: PTR___gmon_start___00403fe0 = 00405030"]}Call ghidra_list_data_items
Arguments
{
"filepath": "/sandbox/chall (7)",
"offset": 90,
"limit": 50
}Tool result
{"result":["00402100: (unnamed) = FFFFF134h","00402104: (unnamed) = 190h","00402108: (unnamed) = 0h","00402109: (unnamed) = ","00402118: __FRAME_END__ = 0h","00403df8: __frame_dummy_init_array_entry = 004011d0","00403e00: __do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry = 004011a0","00403e08: _DYNAMIC = ","00403fd8: PTR___libc_start_main_00403fd8 = 00405000","00403fe0: PTR___gmon_start___00403fe0 = 00405030","00403fe8: _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ = 00403e08","00403ff0: PTR_00403ff0 = 00000000","00403ff8: PTR_00403ff8 = 00000000","00404000: PTR_sigaction_00404000 = 00405008","00404008: PTR___stack_chk_fail_00404008 = 00405010","00404010: PTR_mmap_00404010 = 00405018","00404018: PTR_memset_00404018 = 00405020","00404020: PTR_sigemptyset_00404020 = 00405028","00404060: shellcode = 00841F0F2E6666C3h","004049bc: DAT_004049bc = FA1E0FF300401F0Fh","004049c4: completed.0 = ??",".comment::00000000: ElfComment[0] = u8\"GCC: (Ubuntu 13.2.0-23ubuntu4) 13.2.0\"",".shstrtab::00000001: (unnamed) = u8\".symtab\"",".shstrtab::00000009: (unnamed) = u8\".strtab\"",".shstrtab::00000011: (unnamed) = u8\".shstrtab\"",".shstrtab::0000001b: (unnamed) = u8\".interp\"",".shstrtab::00000023: (unnamed) = u8\".note.gnu.property\"",".shstrtab::00000036: (unnamed) = u8\".note.gnu.build-id\"",".shstrtab::00000049: (unnamed) = u8\".note.ABI-tag\"",".shstrtab::00000057: (unnamed) = u8\".gnu.hash\"",".shstrtab::00000061: (unnamed) = u8\".dynsym\"",".shstrtab::00000069: (unnamed) = u8\".dynstr\"",".shstrtab::00000071: (unnamed) = u8\".gnu.version\"",".shstrtab::0000007e: (unnamed) = u8\".gnu.version_r\"",".shstrtab::0000008d: (unnamed) = u8\".rela.dyn\"",".shstrtab::00000097: (unnamed) = u8\".rela.plt\"",".shstrtab::000000a1: (unnamed) = u8\".init\"",".shstrtab::000000a7: (unnamed) = u8\".plt.sec\"",".shstrtab::000000b0: (unnamed) = u8\".text\"",".shstrtab::000000b6: (unnamed) = u8\".fini\"",".shstrtab::000000bc: (unnamed) = u8\".rodata\"",".shstrtab::000000c4: (unnamed) = u8\".eh_frame_hdr\"",".shstrtab::000000d2: (unnamed) = u8\".eh_frame\"",".shstrtab::000000dc: (unnamed) = u8\".init_array\"",".shstrtab::000000e8: (unnamed) = u8\".fini_array\"",".shstrtab::000000f4: (unnamed) = u8\".dynamic\"",".shstrtab::000000fd: (unnamed) = u8\".got\"",".shstrtab::00000102: (unnamed) = u8\".got.plt\"",".shstrtab::0000010b: (unnamed) = u8\".data\"",".shstrtab::00000111: (unnamed) = u8\".bss\""]}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "xxd -s 0x60 -l 0x964 \"/sandbox/chall (7)\" | head -100"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"00000060: d802 0000 0000 0000 d802 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000070: 0800 0000 0000 0000 0300 0000 0400 0000 ................\n00000080: 1803 0000 0000 0000 1803 4000 0000 0000 ..........@.....\n00000090: 1803 4000 0000 0000 1c00 0000 0000 0000 ..@.............\n000000a0: 1c00 0000 0000 0000 0100 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000000b0: 0100 0000 0400 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000000c0: 0000 4000 0000 0000 0000 4000 0000 0000 ..@.......@.....\n000000d0: 4806 0000 0000 0000 4806 0000 0000 0000 H.......H.......\n000000e0: 0010 0000 0000 0000 0100 0000 0500 0000 ................\n000000f0: 0010 0000 0000 0000 0010 4000 0000 0000 ..........@.....\n00000100: 0010 4000 0000 0000 d103 0000 0000 0000 ..@.............\n00000110: d103 0000 0000 0000 0010 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000120: 0100 0000 0400 0000 0020 0000 0000 0000 ......... ......\n00000130: 0020 4000 0000 0000 0020 4000 0000 0000 . @...... @.....\n00000140: 1c01 0000 0000 0000 1c01 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000150: 0010 0000 0000 0000 0100 0000 0600 0000 ................\n00000160: f82d 0000 0000 0000 f83d 4000 0000 0000 .-.......=@.....\n00000170: f83d 4000 0000 0000 cc0b 0000 0000 0000 .=@.............\n00000180: d00b 0000 0000 0000 0010 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000190: 0200 0000 0600 0000 082e 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000001a0: 083e 4000 0000 0000 083e 4000 0000 0000 .>@......>@.....\n000001b0: d001 0000 0000 0000 d001 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000001c0: 0800 0000 0000 0000 0400 0000 0400 0000 ................\n000001d0: 3803 0000 0000 0000 3803 4000 0000 0000 8.......8.@.....\n000001e0: 3803 4000 0000 0000 3000 0000 0000 0000 8.@.....0.......\n000001f0: 3000 0000 0000 0000 0800 0000 0000 0000 0...............\n00000200: 0400 0000 0400 0000 6803 0000 0000 0000 ........h.......\n00000210: 6803 4000 0000 0000 6803 4000 0000 0000 h.@.....h.@.....\n00000220: 4400 0000 0000 0000 4400 0000 0000 0000 D.......D.......\n00000230: 0400 0000 0000 0000 53e5 7464 0400 0000 ........S.td....\n00000240: 3803 0000 0000 0000 3803 4000 0000 0000 8.......8.@.....\n00000250: 3803 4000 0000 0000 3000 0000 0000 0000 8.@.....0.......\n00000260: 3000 0000 0000 0000 0800 0000 0000 0000 0...............\n00000270: 50e5 7464 0400 0000 1820 0000 0000 0000 P.td..... ......\n00000280: 1820 4000 0000 0000 1820 4000 0000 0000 . @...... @.....\n00000290: 3c00 0000 0000 0000 3c00 0000 0000 0000 <.......<.......\n000002a0: 0400 0000 0000 0000 51e5 7464 0600 0000 ........Q.td....\n000002b0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000002c0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000002d0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 1000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000002e0: 52e5 7464 0400 0000 f82d 0000 0000 0000 R.td.....-......\n000002f0: f83d 4000 0000 0000 f83d 4000 0000 0000 .=@......=@.....\n00000300: 0802 0000 0000 0000 0802 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000310: 0100 0000 0000 0000 2f6c 6962 3634 2f6c ......../lib64/l\n00000320: 642d 6c69 6e75 782d 7838 362d 3634 2e73 d-linux-x86-64.s\n00000330: 6f2e 3200 0000 0000 0400 0000 2000 0000 o.2......... ...\n00000340: 0500 0000 474e 5500 0200 00c0 0400 0000 ....GNU.........\n00000350: 0300 0000 0000 0000 0280 00c0 0400 0000 ................\n00000360: 0100 0000 0000 0000 0400 0000 1400 0000 ................\n00000370: 0300 0000 474e 5500 2c70 f7e0 482f 1f33 ....GNU.,p..H/.3\n00000380: 8145 c9e4 043c 1e01 d162 1a08 0400 0000 .E...<...b......\n00000390: 1000 0000 0100 0000 474e 5500 0000 0000 ........GNU.....\n000003a0: 0300 0000 0200 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000003b0: 0100 0000 0100 0000 0100 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000003c0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000003d0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000003e0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 2300 0000 1200 0000 ........#.......\n000003f0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000400: 1900 0000 1200 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000410: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0800 0000 1200 0000 ................\n00000420: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000430: 4800 0000 1200 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 H...............\n00000440: 0000 0000 0000 0000 3500 0000 1200 0000 ........5.......\n00000450: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000460: 3c00 0000 1200 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 <...............\n00000470: 0000 0000 0000 0000 7800 0000 2000 0000 ........x... ...\n00000480: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000490: 0100 0000 1200 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000004a0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0070 6572 726f 7200 .........perror.\n000004b0: 5f5f 7374 6163 6b5f 6368 6b5f 6661 696c __stack_chk_fail\n000004c0: 0073 6967 6163 7469 6f6e 005f 5f6c 6962 .sigaction.__lib\n000004d0: 635f 7374 6172 745f 6d61 696e 006d 656d c_start_main.mem\n000004e0: 7365 7400 7369 6765 6d70 7479 7365 7400 set.sigemptyset.\n000004f0: 6d6d 6170 006c 6962 632e 736f 2e36 0047 mmap.libc.so.6.G\n00000500: 4c49 4243 5f32 2e34 0047 4c49 4243 5f32 LIBC_2.4.GLIBC_2\n00000510: 2e32 2e35 0047 4c49 4243 5f32 2e33 3400 .2.5.GLIBC_2.34.\n00000520: 5f5f 676d 6f6e 5f73 7461 7274 5f5f 0000 __gmon_start__..\n00000530: 0000 0200 0300 0400 0300 0300 0300 0100 ................\n00000540: 0300 0000 0000 0000 0100 0300 4d00 0000 ............M...\n00000550: 1000 0000 0000 0000 1469 690d 0000 0400 .........ii.....\n00000560: 5700 0000 1000 0000 751a 6909 0000 0300 W.......u.i.....\n00000570: 6100 0000 1000 0000 b491 9606 0000 0200 a...............\n00000580: 6d00 0000 0000 0000 d83f 4000 0000 0000 m........?@.....\n00000590: 0600 0000 0100 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000005a0: e03f 4000 0000 0000 0600 0000 0700 0000 .?@.............\n000005b0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0040 4000 0000 0000 .........@@.....\n000005c0: 0700 0000 0200 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n000005d0: 0840 4000 0000 0000 0700 0000 0300 0000 .@@.............\n000005e0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 1040 4000 0000 0000 .........@@.....\n000005f0: 0700 0000 0400 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000600: 1840 4000 0000 0000 0700 0000 0500 0000 .@@.............\n00000610: 0000 0000 0000 0000 2040 4000 0000 0000 ........ @@.....\n00000620: 0700 0000 0600 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000630: 2840 4000 0000 0000 0700 0000 0800 0000 (@@.............\n00000640: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000650: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000660: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000670: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000680: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n00000690: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "xxd -s 0x3060 -l 0x964 \"/sandbox/chall (7)\" | head -150"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"00003060: c366 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00003070: c966 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00003080: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00003090: 0f05 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n000030a0: 89cf 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n000030b0: be00 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n000030c0: b900 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n000030d0: 41b9 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n000030e0: 41b8 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n000030f0: 41ba 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00003100: ba00 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00003110: b83c 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .<...ff.........\n00003120: 0f05 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n00003130: 4889 ce66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 H..ff.........f.\n00003140: bf01 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00003150: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00003160: 488d 8d75 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H..u...f........\n00003170: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00003180: ebce 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n00003190: 488d 8d80 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000031a0: 74ce 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 t.ff............\n000031b0: 807d fb00 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 0090 .}..ff..........\n000031c0: 41b9 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n000031d0: 41b8 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n000031e0: 41ba 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n000031f0: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00003200: ba0b 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00003210: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00003220: ebce 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n00003230: ba10 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00003240: 74ce 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 t.ff............\n00003250: 807d fb00 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 0090 .}..ff..........\n00003260: b801 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00003270: c785 7cfe ffff 6970 450a 660f 1f44 0000 ..|...ipE.f..D..\n00003280: 4889 8575 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H..u...f........\n00003290: 48b8 216c 6961 6620 6369 660f 1f44 0000 H.!liaf cif..D..\n000032a0: 4889 9588 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000032b0: 4889 8580 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000032c0: 48ba 7972 6f74 6369 560a 660f 1f44 0000 H.yrotciV.f..D..\n000032d0: 48b8 2165 6c61 796f 7220 660f 1f44 0000 H.!elayor f..D..\n000032e0: 0f8e da01 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ......f.........\n000032f0: 837d f443 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 0090 .}.Cff..........\n00003300: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00003310: 8345 f401 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 0090 .E..ff..........\n00003320: 8845 fb66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n00003330: 0f95 c066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 ...ff.........f.\n00003340: 85c0 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n00003350: 21d0 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 !.ff............\n00003360: 0fb6 c066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 ...ff.........f.\n00003370: 0f94 c066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 ...ff.........f.\n00003380: 3845 f366 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 8E.ff.........f.\n00003390: 0fb6 8405 00ff ffff 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ................\n000033a0: 4898 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 H.ff............\n000033b0: 8b45 f466 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n000033c0: 0fb6 55fb 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 0090 ..U.ff..........\n000033d0: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n000033e0: 8845 f366 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n000033f0: 01d0 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n00003400: 0fb6 45f3 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 0090 ..E.ff..........\n00003410: 89c2 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n00003420: 0fb6 8405 50ff ffff 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ....P...........\n00003430: 4898 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 H.ff............\n00003440: 83c0 0166 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 ...ff.........f.\n00003450: 8b45 f466 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n00003460: 0f8f 6aff ffff 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ..j...f.........\n00003470: 837d f442 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 0090 .}.Bff..........\n00003480: 8845 f366 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n00003490: 0fb6 8405 50ff ffff 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ....P...........\n000034a0: 4898 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 H.ff............\n000034b0: 8b45 f466 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n000034c0: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n000034d0: e92b feff ff66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .+...ff.........\n000034e0: c745 f400 0000 0066 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .E.....f........\n000034f0: c645 fb01 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 0090 .E..ff..........\n00003500: 0f8e ca00 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ......f.........\n00003510: 837d fc43 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 0090 .}.Cff..........\n00003520: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00003530: 8345 fc01 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 0090 .E..ff..........\n00003540: 8894 0550 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ...P...f........\n00003550: 4898 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 H.ff............\n00003560: 8b45 fc66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n00003570: 0fb6 5405 a066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ..T..ff.........\n00003580: 4898 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 H.ff............\n00003590: 0fbe c066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 ...ff.........f.\n000035a0: 0fb6 8405 90fe ffff 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ................\n000035b0: 4898 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 H.ff............\n000035c0: 8b45 fc66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n000035d0: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n000035e0: e93b ffff ff66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .;...ff.........\n000035f0: c745 fc00 0000 0066 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .E.....f........\n00003600: 0f05 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n00003610: 4889 ce66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 H..ff.........f.\n00003620: 488d 4da0 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 0090 H.M.ff..........\n00003630: bf00 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00003640: 41b9 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00003650: 41b8 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00003660: 41ba 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00003670: ba44 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .D...ff.........\n00003680: b800 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00003690: 0f05 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n000036a0: 4889 ce66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 H..ff.........f.\n000036b0: 488d 8de0 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000036c0: bf01 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n000036d0: 41b9 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n000036e0: 41b8 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n000036f0: 41ba 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00003700: ba14 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00003710: b801 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00003720: c785 d0fe ffff 262f 013e 660f 1f44 0000 ......&/.>f..D..\n00003730: 4889 95c8 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00003740: 4889 85c0 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00003750: 48ba 0b39 3018 141d 091c 660f 1f44 0000 H..90.....f..D..\n00003760: 48b8 193f 4115 2411 3b02 660f 1f44 0000 H..?A.$.;.f..D..\n00003770: 4889 95b8 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00003780: 4889 85b0 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00003790: 48ba 2c3a 2a00 1705 2729 660f 1f44 0000 H.,:*...')f..D..\n000037a0: 48b8 250f 1b0e 210c 2e40 660f 1f44 0000 H.%...!..@f..D..\n000037b0: 4889 95a8 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000037c0: 4889 85a0 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000037d0: 48ba 342d 1f22 3c43 042b 660f 1f44 0000 H.4-.\"Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "dd if=\"/sandbox/chall (7)\" bs=1 skip=$((0x3060)) count=$((0x964)) of=/tmp/shellcode.bin 2>/dev/null && xxd /tmp/shellcode.bin | head -20"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"00000000: c366 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000010: c966 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000020: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000030: 0f05 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n00000040: 89cf 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n00000050: be00 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00000060: b900 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00000070: 41b9 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00000080: 41b8 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00000090: 41ba 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n000000a0: ba00 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n000000b0: b83c 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .<...ff.........\n000000c0: 0f05 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n000000d0: 4889 ce66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 H..ff.........f.\n000000e0: bf01 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n000000f0: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000100: 488d 8d75 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H..u...f........\n00000110: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000120: ebce 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n00000130: 488d 8d80 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "objdump -D -b binary -m i386:x86-64 -M intel /tmp/shellcode.bin | head -250"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"","stderr":"objdump: '/tmp/shellcode.bin': No such file\n"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "dd if=\"/sandbox/chall (7)\" bs=1 skip=$((0x3060)) count=$((0x964)) 2>/dev/null | xxd | head -10"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"00000000: c366 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000010: c966 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000020: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000030: 0f05 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n00000040: 89cf 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 ..ff............\n00000050: be00 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00000060: b900 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00000070: 41b9 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00000080: 41b8 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00000090: 41ba 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{
"filepath": "/sandbox/shellcode.bin",
"content": "placeholder"
}Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/shellcode.bin"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "dd if=\"/sandbox/chall (7)\" bs=1 skip=$((0x3060)) count=$((0x964)) of=/sandbox/shellcode.bin 2>/dev/null && ls -la /sandbox/shellcode.bin"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"-rw-r--r-- 1 nobody nogroup 2404 Jan 24 08:40 /sandbox/shellcode.bin\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "objdump -D -b binary -m i386:x86-64 -M intel /sandbox/shellcode.bin 2>/dev/null | head -300"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"\n/sandbox/shellcode.bin: file format binary\n\n\nDisassembly of section .data:\n\n0000000000000000 <.data>:\n 0:\tc3 \tret\n 1:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 8:\t00 00 00 00 \n c:\t0f 1f 40 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]\n 10:\tc9 \tleave\n 11:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 18:\t00 00 00 00 \n 1c:\t0f 1f 40 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]\n 20:\t90 \tnop\n 21:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 28:\t00 00 00 00 \n 2c:\t0f 1f 40 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]\n 30:\t0f 05 \tsyscall\n 32:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 39:\t00 00 00 00 \n 3d:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 40:\t89 cf \tmov edi,ecx\n 42:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 49:\t00 00 00 00 \n 4d:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 50:\tbe 00 00 00 00 \tmov esi,0x0\n 55:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 5c:\t00 00 00 00 \n 60:\tb9 00 00 00 00 \tmov ecx,0x0\n 65:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 6c:\t00 00 00 00 \n 70:\t41 b9 00 00 00 00 \tmov r9d,0x0\n 76:\t66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 \tcs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 7d:\t00 00 00 \n 80:\t41 b8 00 00 00 00 \tmov r8d,0x0\n 86:\t66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 \tcs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 8d:\t00 00 00 \n 90:\t41 ba 00 00 00 00 \tmov r10d,0x0\n 96:\t66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 \tcs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 9d:\t00 00 00 \n a0:\tba 00 00 00 00 \tmov edx,0x0\n a5:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n ac:\t00 00 00 00 \n b0:\tb8 3c 00 00 00 \tmov eax,0x3c\n b5:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n bc:\t00 00 00 00 \n c0:\t0f 05 \tsyscall\n c2:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n c9:\t00 00 00 00 \n cd:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n d0:\t48 89 ce \tmov rsi,rcx\n d3:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n da:\t00 00 00 00 \n de:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n e0:\tbf 01 00 00 00 \tmov edi,0x1\n e5:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n ec:\t00 00 00 00 \n f0:\t90 \tnop\n f1:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n f8:\t00 00 00 00 \n fc:\t0f 1f 40 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]\n 100:\t48 8d 8d 75 fe ff ff \tlea rcx,[rbp-0x18b]\n 107:\t66 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 \tnop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 10e:\t00 00 \n 110:\t90 \tnop\n 111:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 118:\t00 00 00 00 \n 11c:\t0f 1f 40 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]\n 120:\teb ce \tjmp 0xf0\n 122:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 129:\t00 00 00 00 \n 12d:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 130:\t48 8d 8d 80 fe ff ff \tlea rcx,[rbp-0x180]\n 137:\t66 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 \tnop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 13e:\t00 00 \n 140:\t74 ce \tje 0x110\n 142:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 149:\t00 00 00 00 \n 14d:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 150:\t80 7d fb 00 \tcmp BYTE PTR [rbp-0x5],0x0\n 154:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 15b:\t00 00 00 00 \n 15f:\t90 \tnop\n 160:\t41 b9 00 00 00 00 \tmov r9d,0x0\n 166:\t66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 \tcs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 16d:\t00 00 00 \n 170:\t41 b8 00 00 00 00 \tmov r8d,0x0\n 176:\t66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 \tcs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 17d:\t00 00 00 \n 180:\t41 ba 00 00 00 00 \tmov r10d,0x0\n 186:\t66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 \tcs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 18d:\t00 00 00 \n 190:\t90 \tnop\n 191:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 198:\t00 00 00 00 \n 19c:\t0f 1f 40 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]\n 1a0:\tba 0b 00 00 00 \tmov edx,0xb\n 1a5:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 1ac:\t00 00 00 00 \n 1b0:\t90 \tnop\n 1b1:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 1b8:\t00 00 00 00 \n 1bc:\t0f 1f 40 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]\n 1c0:\teb ce \tjmp 0x190\n 1c2:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 1c9:\t00 00 00 00 \n 1cd:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 1d0:\tba 10 00 00 00 \tmov edx,0x10\n 1d5:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 1dc:\t00 00 00 00 \n 1e0:\t74 ce \tje 0x1b0\n 1e2:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 1e9:\t00 00 00 00 \n 1ed:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 1f0:\t80 7d fb 00 \tcmp BYTE PTR [rbp-0x5],0x0\n 1f4:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 1fb:\t00 00 00 00 \n 1ff:\t90 \tnop\n 200:\tb8 01 00 00 00 \tmov eax,0x1\n 205:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 20c:\t00 00 00 00 \n 210:\tc7 85 7c fe ff ff 69 \tmov DWORD PTR [rbp-0x184],0xa457069\n 217:\t70 45 0a \n 21a:\t66 0f 1f 44 00 00 \tnop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 220:\t48 89 85 75 fe ff ff \tmov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x18b],rax\n 227:\t66 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 \tnop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 22e:\t00 00 \n 230:\t48 b8 21 6c 69 61 66 \tmovabs rax,0x6963206661696c21\n 237:\t20 63 69 \n 23a:\t66 0f 1f 44 00 00 \tnop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 240:\t48 89 95 88 fe ff ff \tmov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x178],rdx\n 247:\t66 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 \tnop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 24e:\t00 00 \n 250:\t48 89 85 80 fe ff ff \tmov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x180],rax\n 257:\t66 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 \tnop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 25e:\t00 00 \n 260:\t48 ba 79 72 6f 74 63 \tmovabs rdx,0xa566963746f7279\n 267:\t69 56 0a \n 26a:\t66 0f 1f 44 00 00 \tnop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 270:\t48 b8 21 65 6c 61 79 \tmovabs rax,0x20726f79616c6521\n 277:\t6f 72 20 \n 27a:\t66 0f 1f 44 00 00 \tnop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 280:\t0f 8e da 01 00 00 \tjle 0x460\n 286:\t66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 \tcs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 28d:\t00 00 00 \n 290:\t83 7d f4 43 \tcmp DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc],0x43\n 294:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 29b:\t00 00 00 00 \n 29f:\t90 \tnop\n 2a0:\t90 \tnop\n 2a1:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 2a8:\t00 00 00 00 \n 2ac:\t0f 1f 40 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]\n 2b0:\t83 45 f4 01 \tadd DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc],0x1\n 2b4:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 2bb:\t00 00 00 00 \n 2bf:\t90 \tnop\n 2c0:\t88 45 fb \tmov BYTE PTR [rbp-0x5],al\n 2c3:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 2ca:\t00 00 00 00 \n 2ce:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 2d0:\t0f 95 c0 \tsetne al\n 2d3:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 2da:\t00 00 00 00 \n 2de:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 2e0:\t85 c0 \ttest eax,eax\n 2e2:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 2e9:\t00 00 00 00 \n 2ed:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 2f0:\t21 d0 \tand eax,edx\n 2f2:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 2f9:\t00 00 00 00 \n 2fd:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 300:\t0f b6 c0 \tmovzx eax,al\n 303:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 30a:\t00 00 00 00 \n 30e:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 310:\t0f 94 c0 \tsete al\n 313:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 31a:\t00 00 00 00 \n 31e:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 320:\t38 45 f3 \tcmp BYTE PTR [rbp-0xd],al\n 323:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 32a:\t00 00 00 00 \n 32e:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 330:\t0f b6 84 05 00 ff ff \tmovzx eax,BYTE PTR [rbp+rax*1-0x100]\n 337:\tff \n 338:\t0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 33f:\t00 \n 340:\t48 98 \tcdqe\n 342:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 349:\t00 00 00 00 \n 34d:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 350:\t8b 45 f4 \tmov eax,DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc]\n 353:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 35a:\t00 00 00 00 \n 35e:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 360:\t0f b6 55 fb \tmovzx edx,BYTE PTR [rbp-0x5]\n 364:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 36b:\t00 00 00 00 \n 36f:\t90 \tnop\n 370:\t90 \tnop\n 371:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 378:\t00 00 00 00 \n 37c:\t0f 1f 40 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]\n 380:\t88 45 f3 \tmov BYTE PTR [rbp-0xd],al\n 383:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 38a:\t00 00 00 00 \n 38e:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 390:\t01 d0 \tadd eax,edx\n 392:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 399:\t00 00 00 00 \n 39d:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 3a0:\t0f b6 45 f3 \tmovzx eax,BYTE PTR [rbp-0xd]\n 3a4:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 3ab:\t00 00 00 00 \n 3af:\t90 \tnop\n 3b0:\t89 c2 \tmov edx,eax\n 3b2:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 3b9:\t00 00 00 00 \n 3bd:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 3c0:\t0f b6 84 05 50 ff ff \tmovzx eax,BYTE PTR [rbp+rax*1-0xb0]\n 3c7:\tff \n 3c8:\t0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 3cf:\t00 \n 3d0:\t48 98 \tcdqe\n 3d2:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 3d9:\t00 00 00 00 \n 3dd:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 3e0:\t83 c0 01 \tadd eax,0x1\n 3e3:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 3ea:\t00 00 00 00 \n 3ee:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 3f0:\t8b 45 f4 \tmov eax,DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc]\n 3f3:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 3fa:\t00 00 00 00 \n 3fe:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 400:\t0f 8f 6a ff ff ff \tjg 0x370\n 406:\t66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 \tcs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 40d:\t00 00 00 \n 410:\t83 7d f4 42 \tcmp DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc],0x42\n 414:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 41b:\t00 00 00 00 \n 41f:\t90 \tnop\n 420:\t88 45 f3 \tmov BYTE PTR [rbp-0xd],al\n 423:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 42a:\t00 00 00 00 \n 42e:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 430:\t0f b6 84 05 50 ff ff \tmovzx eax,BYTE PTR [rbp+rax*1-0xb0]\n 437:\tff \n 438:\t0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 43f:\t00 \n 440:\t48 98 \tcdqe\n 442:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 449:\t00 00 00 00 \n 44d:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 450:\t8b 45 f4 \tmov eax,DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc]\n 453:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 45a:\t00 00 00 00 \n 45e:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 460:\t90 \tnop\n 461:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 468:\t00 00 00 00 \n 46c:\t0f 1f 40 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]\n 470:\te9 2b fe ff ff \tjmp 0x2a0\n 475:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 47c:\t00 00 00 00 \n 480:\tc7 45 f4 00 00 00 00 \tmov DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc],0x0\n 487:\t66 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 \tnop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 48e:\t00 00 \n 490:\tc6 45 fb 01 \tmov BYTE PTR [rbp-0x5],0x1\n 494:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 49b:\t00 00 00 00 \n 49f:\t90 \tnop\n 4a0:\t0f 8e ca 00 00 00 \tjle 0x570\n 4a6:\t66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 \tcs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 4ad:\t00 00 00 \n 4b0:\t83 7d fc 43 \tcmp DWORD PTR [rbp-0x4],0x43\n 4b4:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 4bb:\t00 00 00 00 \n 4bf:\t90 \tnop\n 4c0:\t90 \tnop\n 4c1:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 4c8:\t00 00 00 00 \n 4cc:\t0f 1f 40 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]\n 4d0:\t83 45 fc 01 \tadd DWORD PTR [rbp-0x4],0x1\n 4d4:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 4db:\t00 00 00 00 \n 4df:\t90 \tnop\n 4e0:\t88 94 05 50 ff ff ff \tmov BYTE PTR [rbp+rax*1-0xb0],dl\n 4e7:\t66 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 \tnop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 4ee:\t00 00 \n 4f0:\t48 98 \tcdqe\n 4f2:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 4f9:\t00 00 00 00 \n 4fd:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 500:\t8b 45 fc \tmov eax,DWORD PTR [rbp-0x4]\n 503:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{
"filepath": "/sandbox/analyze_shellcode.py",
"content": "#!/usr/bin/env python3\n\"\"\"\nAnalyze the shellcode with trap handler effects\n\"\"\"\n\n# The permutation array from the user\nperm = [\n 0x02, 0x3b, 0x11, 0x24, 0x15, 0x41, 0x3f, 0x19, \n 0x1c, 0x09, 0x1d, 0x14, 0x18, 0x30, 0x39, 0x0b, \n 0x40, 0x2e, 0x0c, 0x21, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x0f, 0x25, \n 0x29, 0x27, 0x05, 0x17, 0x00, 0x2a, 0x3a, 0x2c, \n 0x3d, 0x33, 0x36, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x20, 0x32, 0x23, \n 0x2b, 0x04, 0x43, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x1f, 0x2d, 0x34, \n 0x28, 0x16, 0x10, 0x13, 0x07, 0x12, 0x08, 0x42, \n 0x1a, 0x03, 0x06, 0x35, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x31, 0x37\n]\n\ntarget_string = \"Victory royale!\"\nprint(f\"Target string: {target_string}\")\nprint(f\"Target length: {len(target_string)}\")\nprint(f\"Permutation array length: {len(perm)}\")\n\n# The target is 16 bytes but we need 68 bytes (0x44)\n# \"Victory royale!\" is backwards in memory: \"!elayor yrotciV\"\ntarget_bytes = target_string.encode()[::-1]\nprint(f\"\\nTarget bytes (reversed): {target_bytes}\")\nprint(f\"Target hex: {target_bytes.hex()}\")\n\n# We need 68 bytes total\n# First attempt: reverse the permutation\ninput_bytes = bytearray(68)\n\n# Fill with target at the permuted positions\nfor i, target_byte in enumerate(target_bytes):\n if i < len(perm):\n pos = perm[i]\n input_bytes[pos] = target_byte\n print(f\"Position {i} -> permuted position {pos}: 0x{target_byte:02x} ({chr(target_byte)})\")\n\nprint(f\"\\nInput attempt 1:\")\nprint(input_bytes.hex())\nprint(input_bytes)\n\n# Wait, looking at the disassembly more carefully\n# The trap_handler modifies RIP:\n# *(ulong *)(param_3 + 0xa8) = *(ulong *)(param_3 + 0xa8) & 0xfffffffffffffff0;\n# *(long *)(param_3 + 0xa8) = *(long *)(param_3 + 0xa8) + -0x10;\n# \n# param_3 is the ucontext_t structure\n# param_3 + 0xa8 is the RIP register\n# It aligns RIP to 16 bytes and subtracts 0x10\n# This means it skips backward by 16 bytes!\n\nprint(\"\\n\" + \"=\"*60)\nprint(\"TRAP HANDLER ANALYSIS\")\nprint(\"=\"*60)\nprint(\"The trap handler does:\")\nprint(\" 1. RIP &= 0xfffffffffffffff0 (align to 16 bytes)\")\nprint(\" 2. RIP -= 0x10 (subtract 16)\")\nprint(\"This effectively skips over NOP padding!\")\n"
}Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/analyze_shellcode.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 analyze_shellcode.py"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"Target string: Victory royale!\nTarget length: 15\nPermutation array length: 64\n\nTarget bytes (reversed): b'!elayor yrotciV'\nTarget hex: 21656c61796f722079726f74636956\nPosition 0 -> permuted position 2: 0x21 (!)\nPosition 1 -> permuted position 59: 0x65 (e)\nPosition 2 -> permuted position 17: 0x6c (l)\nPosition 3 -> permuted position 36: 0x61 (a)\nPosition 4 -> permuted position 21: 0x79 (y)\nPosition 5 -> permuted position 65: 0x6f (o)\nPosition 6 -> permuted position 63: 0x72 (r)\nPosition 7 -> permuted position 25: 0x20 ( )\nPosition 8 -> permuted position 28: 0x79 (y)\nPosition 9 -> permuted position 9: 0x72 (r)\nPosition 10 -> permuted position 29: 0x6f (o)\nPosition 11 -> permuted position 20: 0x74 (t)\nPosition 12 -> permuted position 24: 0x63 (c)\nPosition 13 -> permuted position 48: 0x69 (i)\nPosition 14 -> permuted position 57: 0x56 (V)\n\nInput attempt 1:\n00002100000000000072000000000000006c00007479000063200000796f00000000000061000000000000000000000069000000000000000056006500000072006f0000\nbytearray(b'\\x00\\x00!\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00r\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00l\\x00\\x00ty\\x00\\x00c \\x00\\x00yo\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00a\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00i\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00V\\x00e\\x00\\x00\\x00r\\x00o\\x00\\x00')\n\n============================================================\nTRAP HANDLER ANALYSIS\n============================================================\nThe trap handler does:\n 1. RIP &= 0xfffffffffffffff0 (align to 16 bytes)\n 2. RIP -= 0x10 (subtract 16)\nThis effectively skips over NOP padding!\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "objdump -D -b binary -m i386:x86-64 -M intel /sandbox/shellcode.bin 2>/dev/null | grep -A2 -B2 \"Victory\\|Epic\""
}Tool result
{"exitCode":1,"stdout":"","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "strings /sandbox/shellcode.bin"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"!liaf cif\nyrotciV\n!elayor f\nCff.\nBff.\nCff.\n#2 8\n63=f\np eht ref\n:drowssaf\nUff.\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "xxd /sandbox/shellcode.bin | grep -E \"(liaf|royale|Victory)\""
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"00000230: 48b8 216c 6961 6620 6369 660f 1f44 0000 H.!liaf cif..D..\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "xxd /sandbox/shellcode.bin | grep -E \"21|56|79\""
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"00000210: c785 7cfe ffff 6970 450a 660f 1f44 0000 ..|...ipE.f..D..\n00000230: 48b8 216c 6961 6620 6369 660f 1f44 0000 H.!liaf cif..D..\n00000260: 48ba 7972 6f74 6369 560a 660f 1f44 0000 H.yrotciV.f..D..\n00000270: 48b8 2165 6c61 796f 7220 660f 1f44 0000 H.!elayor f..D..\n000002f0: 21d0 6666 2e0f 1f84 0000 0000 000f 1f00 !.ff............\n00000560: 8b45 fc66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n00000740: 48b8 250f 1b0e 210c 2e40 660f 1f44 0000 H.%...!..@f..D..\n00000790: 4889 9598 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000800: 48ba 7020 6568 7420 7265 660f 1f44 0000 H.p eht ref..D..\n00000940: 4889 e566 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 H..ff.........f.\n00000950: 5566 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 Uff...........@.\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "xxd /sandbox/shellcode.bin | sed -n '0x210,0x280p' | head -20"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"","stderr":"sed: -e expression #1, char 2: invalid usage of line address 0\n"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "xxd -s 0x210 -l 0x80 /sandbox/shellcode.bin"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"00000210: c785 7cfe ffff 6970 450a 660f 1f44 0000 ..|...ipE.f..D..\n00000220: 4889 8575 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H..u...f........\n00000230: 48b8 216c 6961 6620 6369 660f 1f44 0000 H.!liaf cif..D..\n00000240: 4889 9588 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000250: 4889 8580 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000260: 48ba 7972 6f74 6369 560a 660f 1f44 0000 H.yrotciV.f..D..\n00000270: 48b8 2165 6c61 796f 7220 660f 1f44 0000 H.!elayor f..D..\n00000280: 0f8e da01 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ......f.........\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "python3 << 'EOF'\nimport struct\n\n# Read the shellcode\nwith open('/sandbox/shellcode.bin', 'rb') as f:\n shellcode = f.read()\n\n# Extract the strings at specific offsets\n# At 0x260: movabs rdx,0xa566963746f7279\noffset1 = 0x262\nval1 = struct.unpack('Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"At 0x260 (rdx): 0x0a566963746f7279\n As string: b'yrotciV\\n'\nAt 0x270 (rax): 0x20726f79616c6521\n As string: b'!elayor '\nAt 0x230 (fail msg): 0x6963206661696c21\n As string: b'!liaf ci'\nAt 0x210: 0xfffffe7c\n As string: b'|\\xfe\\xff\\xff'\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "cd /sandbox && echo -n \"AAAA\" | strace -e trace=read,write \"./chall (7)\" 2>&1 | tail -20"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"/bin/bash: line 1: strace: command not found\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "cd /sandbox && echo \"AAAA\" | \"./chall (7)\""
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":":drowssap eht retnE\n!liaf cipE\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{
"filepath": "/sandbox/solve.py",
"content": "#!/usr/bin/env python3\n\"\"\"\nComplete analysis and solver for the shellcode challenge\n\"\"\"\n\n# The permutation array from the shellcode\nperm = [\n 0x02, 0x3b, 0x11, 0x24, 0x15, 0x41, 0x3f, 0x19, \n 0x1c, 0x09, 0x1d, 0x14, 0x18, 0x30, 0x39, 0x0b, \n 0x40, 0x2e, 0x0c, 0x21, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x0f, 0x25, \n 0x29, 0x27, 0x05, 0x17, 0x00, 0x2a, 0x3a, 0x2c, \n 0x3d, 0x33, 0x36, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x20, 0x32, 0x23, \n 0x2b, 0x04, 0x43, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x1f, 0x2d, 0x34, \n 0x28, 0x16, 0x10, 0x13, 0x07, 0x12, 0x08, 0x42, \n 0x1a, 0x03, 0x06, 0x35, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x31, 0x37\n]\n\n# The target string from the shellcode\n# \"!elayor yrotciV\\n\" - Victory royale! backwards with newline\ntarget = b'!elayor yrotciV\\n'\n\nprint(\"=\"*70)\nprint(\"SHELLCODE ANALYSIS\")\nprint(\"=\"*70)\nprint(f\"Target: {target}\")\nprint(f\"Target length: {len(target)}\")\nprint(f\"Permutation length: {len(perm)}\")\nprint()\n\n# The shellcode reads 68 bytes (0x44)\ninput_size = 0x44 # 68 bytes\n\n# Create the reverse permutation\nreverse_perm = [0] * len(perm)\nfor i, p in enumerate(perm):\n if p < len(reverse_perm):\n reverse_perm[p] = i\n\nprint(\"Permutation analysis:\")\nprint(f\" Max value in perm: {max(perm)}\")\nprint(f\" Min value in perm: {min(perm)}\")\nprint()\n\n# The algorithm appears to be:\n# For each position i in the input:\n# output[perm[i]] = input[i]\n#\n# To reverse this:\n# For each position i in the output (target):\n# input[reverse_perm[i]] = output[i]\n\n# Build the input\ninput_bytes = bytearray(input_size)\n\n# We need to figure out what to put in the input\n# so that after permutation, we get the target\n\nprint(\"Building input to produce target after permutation:\")\nprint()\n\n# The permutation maps: input[i] -> output[perm[i]]\n# So to get target[j], we need: input[reverse_perm[j]] = target[j]\n\nfor i in range(len(target)):\n # Find where position i should come from\n # We want: after permutation, position perm[x] = i\n # So we need to find x such that perm[x] == i\n for x in range(len(perm)):\n if perm[x] == i:\n input_bytes[x] = target[i]\n print(f\"Input[{x:2d}] = 0x{target[i]:02x} ('{chr(target[i]) if 32 <= target[i] < 127 else '?'}') -> Output[{i:2d}]\")\n break\n\nprint()\nprint(\"=\"*70)\nprint(\"SOLUTION\")\nprint(\"=\"*70)\nprint(\"Input bytes:\")\nprint(input_bytes.hex())\nprint()\nprint(\"Input as string (printable chars only):\")\nprintable = ''.join(chr(b) if 32 <= b < 127 else f'\\\\x{b:02x}' for b in input_bytes)\nprint(printable)\nprint()\n\n# Test the permutation\noutput = bytearray(input_size)\nfor i in range(len(perm)):\n output[perm[i]] = input_bytes[i]\n\nprint(\"Verification - output after permutation:\")\nprint(output[:len(target)])\nprint(f\"Expected: {target}\")\nprint(f\"Match: {output[:len(target)] == target}\")\nprint()\n\n# Now consider the SIGTRAP handler effect\nprint(\"=\"*70)\nprint(\"SIGTRAP HANDLER CONSIDERATIONS\")\nprint(\"=\"*70)\nprint(\"The trap_handler does:\")\nprint(\" RIP &= 0xfffffffffffffff0\")\nprint(\" RIP -= 0x10\")\nprint()\nprint(\"This means execution skips backward by aligning to 16 bytes\")\nprint(\"and then subtracting 16 more bytes.\")\nprint()\nprint(\"Looking at the shellcode disassembly, there are many NOP\")\nprint(\"instructions (0x0f 0x1f patterns) which are multi-byte NOPs.\")\nprint(\"These are likely used as trap points!\")\nprint()\n\n# Write the solution to a file\nwith open('/sandbox/solution.bin', 'wb') as f:\n f.write(input_bytes)\n\nprint(\"Solution written to /sandbox/solution.bin\")\nprint()\nprint(\"To test:\")\nprint(\" cat /sandbox/solution.bin | '/sandbox/chall (7)'\")\n"
}Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/solve.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 solve.py"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"======================================================================\nSHELLCODE ANALYSIS\n======================================================================\nTarget: b'!elayor yrotciV\\n'\nTarget length: 16\nPermutation length: 64\n\nPermutation analysis:\n Max value in perm: 67\n Min value in perm: 0\n\nBuilding input to produce target after permutation:\n\nInput[28] = 0x21 ('!') -> Output[ 0]\nInput[ 0] = 0x6c ('l') -> Output[ 2]\nInput[57] = 0x61 ('a') -> Output[ 3]\nInput[41] = 0x79 ('y') -> Output[ 4]\nInput[26] = 0x6f ('o') -> Output[ 5]\nInput[58] = 0x72 ('r') -> Output[ 6]\nInput[52] = 0x20 (' ') -> Output[ 7]\nInput[54] = 0x79 ('y') -> Output[ 8]\nInput[ 9] = 0x72 ('r') -> Output[ 9]\nInput[60] = 0x6f ('o') -> Output[10]\nInput[15] = 0x74 ('t') -> Output[11]\nInput[18] = 0x63 ('c') -> Output[12]\nInput[61] = 0x69 ('i') -> Output[13]\nInput[20] = 0x56 ('V') -> Output[14]\nInput[22] = 0x0a ('?') -> Output[15]\n\n======================================================================\nSOLUTION\n======================================================================\nInput bytes:\n6c0000000000000000720000000000740000630056000a0000006f0021000000000000000000000000790000000000000000000020007900006172006f69000000000000\n\nInput as string (printable chars only):\nl\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00r\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00t\\x00\\x00c\\x00V\\x00\\x0a\\x00\\x00\\x00o\\x00!\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00y\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00 \\x00y\\x00\\x00ar\\x00oi\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\n\nVerification - output after permutation:\nbytearray(b'!\\x00layor yrotciV\\n')\nExpected: b'!elayor yrotciV\\n'\nMatch: False\n\n======================================================================\nSIGTRAP HANDLER CONSIDERATIONS\n======================================================================\nThe trap_handler does:\n RIP &= 0xfffffffffffffff0\n RIP -= 0x10\n\nThis means execution skips backward by aligning to 16 bytes\nand then subtracting 16 more bytes.\n\nLooking at the shellcode disassembly, there are many NOP\ninstructions (0x0f 0x1f patterns) which are multi-byte NOPs.\nThese are likely used as trap points!\n\nSolution written to /sandbox/solution.bin\n\nTo test:\n cat /sandbox/solution.bin | '/sandbox/chall (7)'\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{
"filepath": "/sandbox/debug_perm.py",
"content": "#!/usr/bin/env python3\n\n# The permutation array\nperm = [\n 0x02, 0x3b, 0x11, 0x24, 0x15, 0x41, 0x3f, 0x19, \n 0x1c, 0x09, 0x1d, 0x14, 0x18, 0x30, 0x39, 0x0b, \n 0x40, 0x2e, 0x0c, 0x21, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x0f, 0x25, \n 0x29, 0x27, 0x05, 0x17, 0x00, 0x2a, 0x3a, 0x2c, \n 0x3d, 0x33, 0x36, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x20, 0x32, 0x23, \n 0x2b, 0x04, 0x43, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x1f, 0x2d, 0x34, \n 0x28, 0x16, 0x10, 0x13, 0x07, 0x12, 0x08, 0x42, \n 0x1a, 0x03, 0x06, 0x35, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x31, 0x37\n]\n\ntarget = b'!elayor yrotciV\\n'\n\nprint(\"Target positions:\")\nfor i, b in enumerate(target):\n print(f\" Target[{i:2d}] = 0x{b:02x} ('{chr(b) if 32 <= b < 127 else '?'}')\")\n\nprint(\"\\nPermutation array:\")\nfor i, p in enumerate(perm):\n print(f\" perm[{i:2d}] = {p:2d} (0x{p:02x})\")\n\nprint(\"\\nLooking for which input position maps to output position 1:\")\nfor i, p in enumerate(perm):\n if p == 1:\n print(f\" Input[{i}] -> Output[1]\")\n print(f\" We need Input[{i}] = 0x{target[1]:02x} ('{chr(target[1])}')\")\n \nprint(\"\\nChecking if position 1 exists in permutation:\")\nif 1 in perm:\n idx = perm.index(1)\n print(f\" Yes! Position {idx} maps to output position 1\")\nelse:\n print(f\" No! Position 1 is NOT in the permutation array!\")\n print(f\" This means output[1] will remain 0x00\")\n"
}Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/debug_perm.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 debug_perm.py"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"Target positions:\n Target[ 0] = 0x21 ('!')\n Target[ 1] = 0x65 ('e')\n Target[ 2] = 0x6c ('l')\n Target[ 3] = 0x61 ('a')\n Target[ 4] = 0x79 ('y')\n Target[ 5] = 0x6f ('o')\n Target[ 6] = 0x72 ('r')\n Target[ 7] = 0x20 (' ')\n Target[ 8] = 0x79 ('y')\n Target[ 9] = 0x72 ('r')\n Target[10] = 0x6f ('o')\n Target[11] = 0x74 ('t')\n Target[12] = 0x63 ('c')\n Target[13] = 0x69 ('i')\n Target[14] = 0x56 ('V')\n Target[15] = 0x0a ('?')\n\nPermutation array:\n perm[ 0] = 2 (0x02)\n perm[ 1] = 59 (0x3b)\n perm[ 2] = 17 (0x11)\n perm[ 3] = 36 (0x24)\n perm[ 4] = 21 (0x15)\n perm[ 5] = 65 (0x41)\n perm[ 6] = 63 (0x3f)\n perm[ 7] = 25 (0x19)\n perm[ 8] = 28 (0x1c)\n perm[ 9] = 9 (0x09)\n perm[10] = 29 (0x1d)\n perm[11] = 20 (0x14)\n perm[12] = 24 (0x18)\n perm[13] = 48 (0x30)\n perm[14] = 57 (0x39)\n perm[15] = 11 (0x0b)\n perm[16] = 64 (0x40)\n perm[17] = 46 (0x2e)\n perm[18] = 12 (0x0c)\n perm[19] = 33 (0x21)\n perm[20] = 14 (0x0e)\n perm[21] = 27 (0x1b)\n perm[22] = 15 (0x0f)\n perm[23] = 37 (0x25)\n perm[24] = 41 (0x29)\n perm[25] = 39 (0x27)\n perm[26] = 5 (0x05)\n perm[27] = 23 (0x17)\n perm[28] = 0 (0x00)\n perm[29] = 42 (0x2a)\n perm[30] = 58 (0x3a)\n perm[31] = 44 (0x2c)\n perm[32] = 61 (0x3d)\n perm[33] = 51 (0x33)\n perm[34] = 54 (0x36)\n perm[35] = 30 (0x1e)\n perm[36] = 56 (0x38)\n perm[37] = 32 (0x20)\n perm[38] = 50 (0x32)\n perm[39] = 35 (0x23)\n perm[40] = 43 (0x2b)\n perm[41] = 4 (0x04)\n perm[42] = 67 (0x43)\n perm[43] = 60 (0x3c)\n perm[44] = 34 (0x22)\n perm[45] = 31 (0x1f)\n perm[46] = 45 (0x2d)\n perm[47] = 52 (0x34)\n perm[48] = 40 (0x28)\n perm[49] = 22 (0x16)\n perm[50] = 16 (0x10)\n perm[51] = 19 (0x13)\n perm[52] = 7 (0x07)\n perm[53] = 18 (0x12)\n perm[54] = 8 (0x08)\n perm[55] = 66 (0x42)\n perm[56] = 26 (0x1a)\n perm[57] = 3 (0x03)\n perm[58] = 6 (0x06)\n perm[59] = 53 (0x35)\n perm[60] = 10 (0x0a)\n perm[61] = 13 (0x0d)\n perm[62] = 49 (0x31)\n perm[63] = 55 (0x37)\n\nLooking for which input position maps to output position 1:\n\nChecking if position 1 exists in permutation:\n No! Position 1 is NOT in the permutation array!\n This means output[1] will remain 0x00\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{
"filepath": "/sandbox/analyze_coverage.py",
"content": "#!/usr/bin/env python3\n\n# The permutation array\nperm = [\n 0x02, 0x3b, 0x11, 0x24, 0x15, 0x41, 0x3f, 0x19, \n 0x1c, 0x09, 0x1d, 0x14, 0x18, 0x30, 0x39, 0x0b, \n 0x40, 0x2e, 0x0c, 0x21, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x0f, 0x25, \n 0x29, 0x27, 0x05, 0x17, 0x00, 0x2a, 0x3a, 0x2c, \n 0x3d, 0x33, 0x36, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x20, 0x32, 0x23, \n 0x2b, 0x04, 0x43, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x1f, 0x2d, 0x34, \n 0x28, 0x16, 0x10, 0x13, 0x07, 0x12, 0x08, 0x42, \n 0x1a, 0x03, 0x06, 0x35, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x31, 0x37\n]\n\ncovered = set(perm)\nall_positions = set(range(68))\nmissing = all_positions - covered\n\nprint(f\"Total positions in perm: {len(perm)}\")\nprint(f\"Unique positions covered: {len(covered)}\")\nprint(f\"Missing positions: {sorted(missing)}\")\nprint()\n\ntarget = b'!elayor yrotciV\\n'\nprint(\"Checking which target positions are missing:\")\nfor i in range(len(target)):\n if i not in covered:\n print(f\" Target[{i}] = 0x{target[i]:02x} ('{chr(target[i])}') is NOT covered by permutation!\")\n"
}Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/analyze_coverage.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 analyze_coverage.py"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"Total positions in perm: 64\nUnique positions covered: 64\nMissing positions: [1, 38, 47, 62]\n\nChecking which target positions are missing:\n Target[1] = 0x65 ('e') is NOT covered by permutation!\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "objdump -D -b binary -m i386:x86-64 -M intel /sandbox/shellcode.bin 2>/dev/null | sed -n '140,250p'"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":" 267:\t69 56 0a \n 26a:\t66 0f 1f 44 00 00 \tnop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 270:\t48 b8 21 65 6c 61 79 \tmovabs rax,0x20726f79616c6521\n 277:\t6f 72 20 \n 27a:\t66 0f 1f 44 00 00 \tnop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 280:\t0f 8e da 01 00 00 \tjle 0x460\n 286:\t66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 \tcs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 28d:\t00 00 00 \n 290:\t83 7d f4 43 \tcmp DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc],0x43\n 294:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 29b:\t00 00 00 00 \n 29f:\t90 \tnop\n 2a0:\t90 \tnop\n 2a1:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 2a8:\t00 00 00 00 \n 2ac:\t0f 1f 40 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]\n 2b0:\t83 45 f4 01 \tadd DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc],0x1\n 2b4:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 2bb:\t00 00 00 00 \n 2bf:\t90 \tnop\n 2c0:\t88 45 fb \tmov BYTE PTR [rbp-0x5],al\n 2c3:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 2ca:\t00 00 00 00 \n 2ce:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 2d0:\t0f 95 c0 \tsetne al\n 2d3:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 2da:\t00 00 00 00 \n 2de:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 2e0:\t85 c0 \ttest eax,eax\n 2e2:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 2e9:\t00 00 00 00 \n 2ed:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 2f0:\t21 d0 \tand eax,edx\n 2f2:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 2f9:\t00 00 00 00 \n 2fd:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 300:\t0f b6 c0 \tmovzx eax,al\n 303:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 30a:\t00 00 00 00 \n 30e:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 310:\t0f 94 c0 \tsete al\n 313:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 31a:\t00 00 00 00 \n 31e:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 320:\t38 45 f3 \tcmp BYTE PTR [rbp-0xd],al\n 323:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 32a:\t00 00 00 00 \n 32e:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 330:\t0f b6 84 05 00 ff ff \tmovzx eax,BYTE PTR [rbp+rax*1-0x100]\n 337:\tff \n 338:\t0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 33f:\t00 \n 340:\t48 98 \tcdqe\n 342:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 349:\t00 00 00 00 \n 34d:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 350:\t8b 45 f4 \tmov eax,DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc]\n 353:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 35a:\t00 00 00 00 \n 35e:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 360:\t0f b6 55 fb \tmovzx edx,BYTE PTR [rbp-0x5]\n 364:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 36b:\t00 00 00 00 \n 36f:\t90 \tnop\n 370:\t90 \tnop\n 371:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 378:\t00 00 00 00 \n 37c:\t0f 1f 40 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]\n 380:\t88 45 f3 \tmov BYTE PTR [rbp-0xd],al\n 383:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 38a:\t00 00 00 00 \n 38e:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 390:\t01 d0 \tadd eax,edx\n 392:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 399:\t00 00 00 00 \n 39d:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 3a0:\t0f b6 45 f3 \tmovzx eax,BYTE PTR [rbp-0xd]\n 3a4:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 3ab:\t00 00 00 00 \n 3af:\t90 \tnop\n 3b0:\t89 c2 \tmov edx,eax\n 3b2:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 3b9:\t00 00 00 00 \n 3bd:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 3c0:\t0f b6 84 05 50 ff ff \tmovzx eax,BYTE PTR [rbp+rax*1-0xb0]\n 3c7:\tff \n 3c8:\t0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 3cf:\t00 \n 3d0:\t48 98 \tcdqe\n 3d2:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 3d9:\t00 00 00 00 \n 3dd:\t0f 1f 00 \tnop DWORD PTR [rax]\n 3e0:\t83 c0 01 \tadd eax,0x1\n 3e3:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 3ea:\t00 00 00 00 \n 3ee:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 3f0:\t8b 45 f4 \tmov eax,DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc]\n 3f3:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 3fa:\t00 00 00 00 \n 3fe:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n 400:\t0f 8f 6a ff ff ff \tjg 0x370\n 406:\t66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 \tcs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 40d:\t00 00 00 \n 410:\t83 7d f4 42 \tcmp DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc],0x42\n 414:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 41b:\t00 00 00 00 \n 41f:\t90 \tnop\n 420:\t88 45 f3 \tmov BYTE PTR [rbp-0xd],al\n 423:\t66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 \tdata16 cs nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]\n 42a:\t00 00 00 00 \n 42e:\t66 90 \txchg ax,ax\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "cd /sandbox && cat solution.bin | \"./chall (7)\""
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":":drowssap eht retnE\n!liaf cipE\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{
"filepath": "/sandbox/test_both_ways.py",
"content": "#!/usr/bin/env python3\n\"\"\"\nTest both interpretations of the permutation\n\"\"\"\n\nperm = [\n 0x02, 0x3b, 0x11, 0x24, 0x15, 0x41, 0x3f, 0x19, \n 0x1c, 0x09, 0x1d, 0x14, 0x18, 0x30, 0x39, 0x0b, \n 0x40, 0x2e, 0x0c, 0x21, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x0f, 0x25, \n 0x29, 0x27, 0x05, 0x17, 0x00, 0x2a, 0x3a, 0x2c, \n 0x3d, 0x33, 0x36, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x20, 0x32, 0x23, \n 0x2b, 0x04, 0x43, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x1f, 0x2d, 0x34, \n 0x28, 0x16, 0x10, 0x13, 0x07, 0x12, 0x08, 0x42, \n 0x1a, 0x03, 0x06, 0x35, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x31, 0x37\n]\n\ntarget = b'!elayor yrotciV\\n'\ninput_size = 68\n\nprint(\"=\"*70)\nprint(\"INTERPRETATION 1: output[perm[i]] = input[i]\")\nprint(\"=\"*70)\n\ninput1 = bytearray(input_size)\nfor i in range(len(target)):\n for x in range(len(perm)):\n if perm[x] == i:\n input1[x] = target[i]\n break\n\noutput1 = bytearray(input_size)\nfor i in range(len(perm)):\n output1[perm[i]] = input1[i]\n\nprint(f\"Input: {input1[:20].hex()}...\")\nprint(f\"Output: {output1[:len(target)]}\")\nprint(f\"Target: {target}\")\nprint(f\"Match: {output1[:len(target)] == target}\")\nprint()\n\nprint(\"=\"*70)\nprint(\"INTERPRETATION 2: output[i] = input[perm[i]]\")\nprint(\"=\"*70)\n\n# For this interpretation:\n# output[i] = input[perm[i]]\n# We want output[i] == target[i]\n# So input[perm[i]] = target[i]\n\ninput2 = bytearray(input_size)\nfor i in range(len(target)):\n if i < len(perm):\n input2[perm[i]] = target[i]\n\noutput2 = bytearray(input_size)\nfor i in range(min(len(perm), input_size)):\n output2[i] = input2[perm[i]]\n\nprint(f\"Input: {input2[:20].hex()}...\")\nprint(f\"Output: {output2[:len(target)]}\")\nprint(f\"Target: {target}\")\nprint(f\"Match: {output2[:len(target)] == target}\")\nprint()\n\n# Save the second interpretation\nwith open('/sandbox/solution2.bin', 'wb') as f:\n f.write(input2)\nprint(\"Saved interpretation 2 to solution2.bin\")\n"
}Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/test_both_ways.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 test_both_ways.py"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"======================================================================\nINTERPRETATION 1: output[perm[i]] = input[i]\n======================================================================\nInput: 6c00000000000000007200000000007400006300...\nOutput: bytearray(b'!\\x00layor yrotciV\\n')\nTarget: b'!elayor yrotciV\\n'\nMatch: False\n\n======================================================================\nINTERPRETATION 2: output[i] = input[perm[i]]\n======================================================================\nInput: 00002100000000000072000a00000000006c0000...\nOutput: bytearray(b'!elayor yrotciV\\n')\nTarget: b'!elayor yrotciV\\n'\nMatch: True\n\nSaved interpretation 2 to solution2.bin\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "cd /sandbox && cat solution2.bin | \"./chall (7)\""
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":":drowssap eht retnE\n!liaf cipE\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "xxd /sandbox/shellcode.bin | grep -i \"cc\\|f1\""
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"00000000: c366 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000010: c966 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000020: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000050: be00 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00000060: b900 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00000070: 41b9 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00000080: 41b8 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00000090: 41ba 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n000000a0: ba00 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n000000b0: b83c 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .<...ff.........\n000000d0: 4889 ce66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 H..ff.........f.\n000000e0: bf01 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n000000f0: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000100: 488d 8d75 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H..u...f........\n00000110: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000130: 488d 8d80 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000160: 41b9 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00000170: 41b8 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00000180: 41ba 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00000190: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n000001a0: ba0b 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n000001b0: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n000001d0: ba10 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00000200: b801 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00000220: 4889 8575 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H..u...f........\n00000240: 4889 9588 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000250: 4889 8580 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000280: 0f8e da01 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ......f.........\n000002a0: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n000002c0: 8845 fb66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n000002d0: 0f95 c066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 ...ff.........f.\n00000300: 0fb6 c066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 ...ff.........f.\n00000310: 0f94 c066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 ...ff.........f.\n00000320: 3845 f366 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 8E.ff.........f.\n00000330: 0fb6 8405 00ff ffff 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ................\n00000350: 8b45 f466 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n00000370: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000380: 8845 f366 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n000003c0: 0fb6 8405 50ff ffff 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ....P...........\n000003e0: 83c0 0166 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 ...ff.........f.\n000003f0: 8b45 f466 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n00000400: 0f8f 6aff ffff 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ..j...f.........\n00000420: 8845 f366 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n00000430: 0fb6 8405 50ff ffff 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ....P...........\n00000450: 8b45 f466 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n00000460: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000470: e92b feff ff66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .+...ff.........\n00000480: c745 f400 0000 0066 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .E.....f........\n000004a0: 0f8e ca00 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ......f.........\n000004c0: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n000004e0: 8894 0550 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ...P...f........\n00000500: 8b45 fc66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n00000510: 0fb6 5405 a066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ..T..ff.........\n00000530: 0fbe c066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 ...ff.........f.\n00000540: 0fb6 8405 90fe ffff 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 ................\n00000560: 8b45 fc66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 .E.ff.........f.\n00000570: 9066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 .ff...........@.\n00000580: e93b ffff ff66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .;...ff.........\n00000590: c745 fc00 0000 0066 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .E.....f........\n000005b0: 4889 ce66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 H..ff.........f.\n000005d0: bf00 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n000005e0: 41b9 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n000005f0: 41b8 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00000600: 41ba 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00000610: ba44 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .D...ff.........\n00000620: b800 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00000640: 4889 ce66 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 H..ff.........f.\n00000650: 488d 8de0 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000660: bf01 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n00000670: 41b9 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00000680: 41b8 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n00000690: 41ba 0000 0000 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 A.....f.........\n000006a0: ba14 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n000006b0: b801 0000 0066 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 .....ff.........\n000006d0: 4889 95c8 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000006e0: 4889 85c0 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000710: 4889 95b8 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000720: 4889 85b0 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000750: 4889 95a8 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000760: 4889 85a0 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000790: 4889 9598 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000007a0: 4889 8590 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000007e0: 4889 95e8 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000007f0: 4889 85e0 feff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000830: 4889 9538 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H..8...f........\n00000840: 4889 8530 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H..0...f........\n00000870: 4889 9528 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H..(...f........\n00000880: 4889 8520 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H.. ...f........\n000008b0: 4889 9518 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000008c0: 4889 8510 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000008f0: 4889 9508 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000900: 4889 8500 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000930: 4881 ec18 0100 0066 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n00000940: 4889 e566 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 6690 H..ff.........f.\n00000950: 5566 662e 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 0f1f 4000 Uff...........@.\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "xxd /sandbox/shellcode.bin | grep -C2 \"sword\\|assw\""
}Tool result
{"exitCode":1,"stdout":"","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "xxd -s 0x800 -l 0x100 /sandbox/shellcode.bin"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"00000800: 48ba 7020 6568 7420 7265 660f 1f44 0000 H.p eht ref..D..\n00000810: 48b8 3a64 726f 7773 7361 660f 1f44 0000 H.:drowssaf..D..\n00000820: c785 40ff ffff cebc b865 660f 1f44 0000 ..@......ef..D..\n00000830: 4889 9538 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H..8...f........\n00000840: 4889 8530 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H..0...f........\n00000850: 48ba e3e2 d9c4 c8e2 ecd8 660f 1f44 0000 H.........f..D..\n00000860: 48b8 e8d7 c6cd d5db bfc2 660f 1f44 0000 H.........f..D..\n00000870: 4889 9528 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H..(...f........\n00000880: 4889 8520 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H.. ...f........\n00000890: 48ba d4be b2c5 d7d3 d3db 660f 1f44 0000 H.........f..D..\n000008a0: 48b8 d1d7 d7c8 c2be d2e8 660f 1f44 0000 H.........f..D..\n000008b0: 4889 9518 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000008c0: 4889 8510 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n000008d0: 48ba e0db cfcd e2f4 d9ce 660f 1f44 0000 H.........f..D..\n000008e0: 48b8 c0be c8d7 ddd0 d7e2 660f 1f44 0000 H.........f..D..\n000008f0: 4889 9508 ffff ff66 0f1f 8400 0000 0000 H......f........\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_write_file
Arguments
{
"filepath": "/sandbox/extract_strings.py",
"content": "#!/usr/bin/env python3\nimport struct\n\nwith open('/sandbox/shellcode.bin', 'rb') as f:\n shellcode = f.read()\n\n# Extract the XOR'd strings\noffsets = [\n (0x852, 8, \"String 1\"),\n (0x85c, 8, \"String 2\"),\n (0x892, 8, \"String 3\"),\n (0x89c, 8, \"String 4\"),\n (0x8d2, 8, \"String 5\"),\n (0x8dc, 8, \"String 6\"),\n]\n\nprint(\"Encrypted strings in shellcode:\")\nfor offset, length, name in offsets:\n data = shellcode[offset:offset+length]\n print(f\"{name} @ 0x{offset:03x}: {data.hex()} = {data}\")\n \n# Try XORing with common keys\nprint(\"\\n\" + \"=\"*70)\nprint(\"Trying XOR decryption:\")\nprint(\"=\"*70)\n\nxor_keys = [\n 0x80, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83, 0x84, 0x85, 0x86, 0x87,\n 0x88, 0x89, 0x8a, 0x8b, 0x8c, 0x8d, 0x8e, 0x8f,\n 0x90, 0x91, 0x92, 0x93, 0x94, 0x95, 0x96, 0x97,\n 0x98, 0x99, 0x9a, 0x9b, 0x9c, 0x9d, 0x9e, 0x9f,\n 0xa0, 0xa1, 0xa2, 0xa3, 0xa4, 0xa5, 0xa6, 0xa7,\n 0xa8, 0xa9, 0xaa, 0xab, 0xac, 0xad, 0xae, 0xaf,\n]\n\n# Get all encrypted data\nall_encrypted = b''\nfor offset, length, name in offsets:\n all_encrypted += shellcode[offset:offset+length]\n\n# Try each key\nfor key in xor_keys:\n decrypted = bytes([b ^ key for b in all_encrypted])\n # Check if it looks like ASCII\n if all(32 <= b < 127 or b in [10, 13] for b in decrypted):\n print(f\"\\nKey 0x{key:02x}:\")\n print(f\" {decrypted}\")\n"
}Tool result
{"result":"/sandbox/extract_strings.py"}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "cd /sandbox && python3 extract_strings.py"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"Encrypted strings in shellcode:\nString 1 @ 0x852: e3e2d9c4c8e2ecd8 = b'\\xe3\\xe2\\xd9\\xc4\\xc8\\xe2\\xec\\xd8'\nString 2 @ 0x85c: 1f44000048b8e8d7 = b'\\x1fD\\x00\\x00H\\xb8\\xe8\\xd7'\nString 3 @ 0x892: d4beb2c5d7d3d3db = b'\\xd4\\xbe\\xb2\\xc5\\xd7\\xd3\\xd3\\xdb'\nString 4 @ 0x89c: 1f44000048b8d1d7 = b'\\x1fD\\x00\\x00H\\xb8\\xd1\\xd7'\nString 5 @ 0x8d2: e0dbcfcde2f4d9ce = b'\\xe0\\xdb\\xcf\\xcd\\xe2\\xf4\\xd9\\xce'\nString 6 @ 0x8dc: 1f44000048b8c0be = b'\\x1fD\\x00\\x00H\\xb8\\xc0\\xbe'\n\n======================================================================\nTrying XOR decryption:\n======================================================================\n","stderr":""}Call sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "python3 << 'EOF'\nimport struct\n\nwith open('/sandbox/shellcode.bin', 'rb') as f:\n shellcode = f.read()\n\n# Look at the mov instructions loading constants\noffsets_and_values = [\n (0x850, \"First pair\"),\n (0x890, \"Second pair\"),\n (0x8d0, \"Third pair\"),\n]\n\nfor offset, name in offsets_and_values:\n # Read the movabs instructions\n # movabs rdx, imm64 (48 ba)\n rdx_val = struct.unpack('Tool result
{"exitCode":0,"stdout":"First pair @ 0x850:\n RDX: 0xd8ece2c8c4d9e2e3\n RAX: 0xc2bfdbd5cdc6d7e8\n XOR with 0x80:\n RDX: b'cbYDHblX'\n RAX: b'hWFMU[?B'\n XOR with 0x81:\n RDX: b'bcXEIcmY'\n RAX: b'iVGLTZ>C'\n XOR with 0x82:\n RDX: b'a`[FJ`nZ'\n RAX: b'jUDOWY=@'\n XOR with 0x83:\n RDX: b'`aZGKao['\n RAX: b'kTENVX2EWSS['\n RAX: b'QWWHB>Rh'\n XOR with 0x81:\n RDX: b'U?3DVRRZ'\n RAX: b'PVVIC?Si'\n XOR with 0x82:\n RDX: b'V<0GUQQY'\n RAX: b'SUUJ@HW]PWb'\n XOR with 0x81:\n RDX: b'aZNLcuXO'\n RAX: b'A?IV\\\\QVc'\n XOR with 0x82:\n RDX: b'bYMO`v[L'\n RAX: b'BCall sandbox_execute
Arguments
{
"command": "strings \"/sandbox/chall (7)\" | grep -i victory"
}Tool result
{"exitCode":1,"stdout":"","stderr":""}Inference interrupted by user.